Inventory Management Self Study Exercises

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The document discusses inventory management concepts like economic order quantity (EOQ), reorder point (ROP), and ABC classification. EOQ aims to minimize total inventory costs by balancing ordering and holding costs. ROP considers average demand, safety stock and lead time. ABC classification categorizes inventory items into three classes based on their value and usage.

The EOQ formula is: EOQ = √(2DS/H) where D is annual demand, S is ordering cost, and H is holding cost per unit per year.

When calculating ROP, we consider the average demand during lead time plus a safety stock which accounts for demand variability during lead time using a z-score and the standard deviation of demand during lead time.

Solved Problem 1

Nelson’s Hardware Store stocks a 19.2 volt cordless drill that is a popular
seller. Annual demand is 5,000 units, the ordering cost is $15, and the
inventory holding cost is $4/unit/year.
a. What is the economic order quantity?
b. What is the total annual cost for this inventory item?

SOLUTION
a. The order quantity is

2DS 2(5,000)($15)
EOQ = =
H $4
= 37,500 = 193.65 or 194 drills
b. The total annual cost is
Q D 194 5,000
C = 2 (H) + (S) = ($4) + ($15) = $774.60
Q 2 194
Solved Problem 2
For a product managed according to the Economic Order Quantity method,
the table shows monthly demand rates for the last two years
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Year 1 80 70 110 100 110 90 80 120 100 130 110 100
Year 2 120 130 50 70 120 100 90 70 100 80 140 140

The product is bought at 20 Euros per unit. Set up cost is 105 Euros and
holding cost is 35% of the purchasing price.
Service level decided by management is 95%.
Delivery lead time is 1 month.
•Calculate EOQ, Number of orders and time between orders

•Calculate the reorder point ROP

•Trace the inventory profile


Solved Problem 2
Solution:

• Total demand of the 1st year: 1200 (sum of the 1st row)
• Total demand of the 2nd year: 1210 (sum of the 2st row)

• Mean year demand: D = (1200 + 1210)/2 = 1205 per year


• Mean monthly demand: d = (1200+1210)/24 = 100,4167 ≈ 100
prod/month

Economic Order Quantity:


2  1205  105
• EOQ = 2HDS = 20  0,35 = 190,1315 ≈ 190
• Number of orders = D/EOQ = 1205/190 ≈ 6,3 orders per year
• Time between orders = EOQ / D = 0,15 year or similarly EOQ/D*(12
months/year) = 1,89 months ≈ 2 months
Solved Problem 2
Calculation of Reorder Point
• ROP = Average demand during lead time +
Safety Stock
• The lead time L is 1 month, and we also know
the mean monthly demand d. Therefore, the
average demand during lead time is d*L = 100.
Solved Problem 2
• We also need to determine the safety stock S. The formula for
the safety stock is S = z * standard deviation of the demand
during lead time (sd).
• The term z can be obtained from normal distribution tables. For
a given service level of 95% z = 1,645. On the other hand, the
monthly standard deviation of the demand can be calculated
from the table of the monthly demand rates using the formula
below.
1 n 1
sd  
n  1 i 1
(d i  d ) 
2

23
13095,83  23,86177

Thereafter, S = 1,645*23,86177 = 39,2526 ≈ 40 products


As such, ROP = 100 + 40 = 140

To trace the inventory, we start at the replenishment level (which is


EOQ + safety stock) and we draw a graph similar to that of the slides.
Solved Problem 3
Our company manages an inventory of light bulbs. A particular lamp is
bought at 10 cents. Ordering cost is 150 cents and holding cost is 20% of
unit price per unit and year.

The factory works 12 months per year, steady production and


management requires an 80% service level for this particular item.
Delivery lead time from the supplier is 1,5 months.

The monthly demand over the last 24 months is as follows:


500, 500, 425, 425, 450, 425, 425, 475, 475, 425, 425, 425, 475, 525, 425,
425, 450, 475, 425, 425, 475, 450, 425, 425.

Compute the following:


• Economic order quantity
• Reorder point
Solved Problem 3
SOLUTION
• Total demand: 10800 (sum of 24months)
• Mean year demand: D = (10800)/2 = 5400 lamps per year
• Mean monthly demand: d = 5400/12 = 450 lamps/month

Economic Order Quantity:

2  5400  150
• EOQ = 2 DS = = 900 lamps
H 10  0,2

• Number of orders = D/EOQ = 5400/900 ≈ 6 orders per year


• Time between orders = EOQ / D = 0,167 year or approximately ≈ 2
months
Solved Problem 3
Calculation of Reorder Point
• ROP = Average demand during lead time + Safety Stock
• The lead time L is 1,5 month. The mean monthly demand d is 450.
Therefore, the average demand during lead time is d*L = 675.
Solved Problem 3
We also need to determine the safety stock S. The formula for the safety
stock is S = z * standard deviation of the demand during lead time (sd). The
term z can be obtained from normal distribution tables. For a given service
level of 80% z = 0,84. On the other hand, the monthly standard deviation of
the demand can be calculated from the table of the monthly demand rates
using the formula below.

1 n
sd  
n  1 i 1
( d i  d ) 2
 30,82134

• Thereafter, S = 0,84*sd* = 31,70 ≈ 32 lamps


• As such, ROP = 900 + 32 = 932
Solved Problem 4
Grey Wolf Lodge is a popular 500-room hotel in the North Woods.
Managers need to keep close tabs on all room service items, including a
special pine-scented bar soap. The daily demand for the soap is 275 bars,
with a standard deviation of 30 bars. Ordering cost is $10 and the
inventory holding cost is $0.30/bar/year. The lead time from the supplier is
5 days, with a standard deviation of 1 day. The lodge is open 365 days a
year.
a. What is the economic order quantity for the bar of soap?
b. What should the reorder point be for the bar of soap if
management wants to have a 99 percent cycle-service level?
c. What is the total annual cost for the bar of soap, assuming a
Q system will be used?
Solved Problem 4
SOLUTION
a. We have D = (275)(365) = 100,375 bars of soap; S = $10; and H = $0.30.
The EOQ for the bar of soap is

2DS 2(100,375)($10)
EOQ = =
H $0.30

= 6,691,666.7 = 2,586.83 or 2,587 bars


Solved Problem 4
b. We have d = 275 bars/day, σd = 30 bars, L = 5 days,
and σLT = 1 day.

σdLT = Lσd2 + d2σLT2 = (5)(30)2 + (275)2(1)2 = 283.06 bars

Consult the body of the Normal Distribution appendix for


0.9900. The closest value is 0.9901, which corresponds to
a z value of 2.33. We calculate the safety stock and reorder
point as follows:

Safety stock = zσdLT = (2.33)(283.06) = 659.53 or 660 bars

Reorder point = dL + Safety stock = (275)(5) + 660 = 2,035 bars


Solved Problem 4
c. The total annual cost for the Q system is

Q D
C = 2 (H) + Q (S) + (H)(Safety stock)

2,587 100,375
C= ($0.30) + ($10) + ($0.30)(660) = $974.05
2 2,587
Solved Problem 5
ABC Classification: Example
PART UNIT COST ANNUAL USAGE
1 $ 60 90
2 350 40
3 30 130
4 80 60
5 30 100
6 20 180
7 10 170
8 320 50
9 510 60
10 20 120
Solved Problem 5
ABC Classification: Example (cont.)
TOTAL % OF TOTAL % OF TOTAL
PART PART
VALUE UNIT COST QUANTITY
VALUE ANNUAL USAGE
% CUMMULATIVE
9 1
$30,600 $ 60
35.9 6.0 90 6.0
8 16,000
2 18.7350 5.0 11.0
2 14,000 16.4 4.0
A40 15.0
3 30 130
1 5,400 6.3 9.0 24.0
4 4
4,800 5.680 6.0 B60 30.0
3 5
3,900 4.630 10.0 100 40.0
6 6
3,600 4.220 % OF TOTAL
18.0 % OF TOTAL
180 58.0
CLASS ITEMS VALUE QUANTITY
5 3,000
7 3.510 13.0 170 71.0
10 2,400
A8 9, 8,2.8
2320 12.0
71.0 C 83.0
50 15.0
7 1,700
B 1, 4,2.0
3 17.0
16.5 100.0
25.0
C9 5107
6, 5, 10, 12.5 60 60.0
$85,400
10 20 120
Example 10.1

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