Chapter 11

Network Fundamentals
 Agenda
• Definition
• Classification
• Information Routing
• Connection
• Telecommunication software
• Architecture
 Definition
• Network
• Backbone network
 Classification
• Topology
• Ownership
• Geography
• Transmission
 Network Topology
• Star
• Hierarchical
• Mesh
• Bus
• Ring
• Hybrid
 Star Network
• Circuits
– Point-to-point, multipoint, or combination
• Pros
– Expand
– Implement
– No limit to no. and length of arms
• Cons
– Single point of failure
– Overload of mater during peak traffic
 Hierarchical Network
• Tree structure with a root
• pro
– No single point of failure
– Divisional communications and processing
 Mesh Network
• Web structure
• Usage
– Public telephone system
• Pro
– Alternative communication route
– Virtually fail-safe
• Con
– Line cost
 Bus Network
• Usage
– High speed, short distance between nodes
– Local area network
• Pros
– Independent between nodes
– High reliability
• Cons
– Limited number of attached device
– Hard to locate the problems
 Ring Network
• Usage
– Nodes are relatively close together
• Pros
– Less attenuation
– Error control
– Network management
• Cons
– Failing of a node
• Two opposite direction channels
 Hybrid Networks
• Usage
– Connecting different networks
• Pro
– Communication between different networks
• Con
– Conversion device and costs
 Network Ownership
• Private networks
• Public networks
• Valued added networks
 Private networks
• Full control
• Special needs
• Expense
 Public networks
• Controlled by carriers
• Regulated by government
• Inexpensive
 Valued Added Networks
• Public network
• Functions
– Code translation
– Speed conversion
– Store message and delivery
• Examples
– Telex
– SWIFT
– SITA (airline)
– IVAN (insurance)
 Networks by Geography
• Wide area network (WAN)
• Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• Local area network (LAN)
 Wide Area Networks
• Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN)
• Provided by carriers
• Inexpensive
• High quality service for infrequent users
 Metropolitan Area Networks
• IEEE 802.6
• Distance up to 30 miles
• High bandwidth for data, voice, and video
• T1, T3, or fiber optic cable
• Private own or dark fiber supplied by MAN
provider
 Network Transmission Types
• Circuit Switching
• Packet data networks (PDNs)
• Frame relay
• Asynchronous transfer mode: ATM (Cell
relay)
 Circuit Switching
• Temporarily Dedicated communications
line between two stations for transmission
• Efficient for constant voice and video
transmission
• Inefficient for non-constant data
transmission
Packet Data networks (PDNs) - I
• Packet
– Less than 1,000 bytes
– PAD (packet assembly/disassembly)
– Address and control fields for error checking
• Connection types
– Switched virtual circuit: dial-in (switched)
– Permanent virtual (leased) circuit: heavy &
frequent traffic
– Datagram: short message, no error checking
Packet Data networks (PDNs) - II
• Standard
– ITU-T’s X.25
• Between terminal and PDN on public network
– ITU-T’s X.75
• Interface between two PDNs
• Examples
– USA: APARANET, Telenet, Tymnet, General
Electric Information Services (GEIS)
 Packet Data networks (PDNs) - III

• Characteristics
– Reliable service
– Nationwide service
– Lower error rates
– Variety of transmission speeds
– Cost-effectiveness
 Frame Relay
• Acknowledge only by final node
• Benefits
– Variable-length frames (1- 64,000 bytes)
– Reduce overhead
– More efficient transmission
• Problems
– Circuit congestion
– Committed information rate (CIR) & port speed
for service guarantee & discarding frames
 ATM (Cell-Relay)
• Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
• Cells : fixed length packets of 53 bytes
• 45Mbps (T3) or higher speeds
• Pros
– High throughput, low delay, transparency,
flexibility, and high capacity
• Con
– Expensive
 ATM Services
• Realtime service
– Constant bit rate (CBR) for telephone and
videoconference
– Realtime variable bit rate (rt-VBR) for compressed
video
• Non-realtime service
– Non-realtime variable bit rate (nrt-VBR) for airline
reservation or financial transaction
– Available bit rate (ABR) for LAN-to-LAN
– Unspecified bit rate (UBR) for TCP-based traffic
 Routing Message
• Connection-oriented routing & connection
less routing
• Broadcast routing
• Centralized routing
• Distributed routing
• Static and dynamic routing
 Broadcasting Routing
• CSMA/CD
• Pros and cons
– Simplest
– For small network
– Not for moderate to heavy traffic
 Centralized Routing
• Star or hierarchical networks
– IBM’s SNA networks
• Using static routing table in one central
computer
• Pros and cons
– Simple
– Potential performance bottleneck
– Single point of failure
 Distributed Routing
• Routing tables on several nodes
• Pros and cons
– No single point of failure
– Routing table update problem
– Complicated to implement
 Static and Dynamic Routing
• Static routing
– Predetermined route
– Simple but inflexible
• Dynamic routing
– Use routing algorithms to evaluate traffic
volumes, error rates, and other conditions for
the best path
– Flexible but high overhead and complicated to
implement
 Interconnecting Networks
• Transmission control protocol/ internet
protocol (TCP/IP)
• Internet
• Intranet & extranet
 Transmission Control Protocol
• OSI transport layer
• Connection oriented
• Functions
– Assemble and reassemble message packets
– Reliable & error free message delivery
– Urgency or priority
– Security (encryption)
 Internet Protocol
• OSI network layer
• Routing & addressing messages to other
networks
• Connectionless operation
• IPv6
– 128 bits for addressing
– Quick and efficient
 TCP/IP Application protocols
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Tenet
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME)
• Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
• Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)
 Internet
• Usages
– Electronic mail, remote log in to various computers,
discussion groups, information search and retrieval
• Electronic mail (e-mail)
– Edu, com, org, gov, mil, net
• Web servers & web browsers
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Home page
• Internet service provider (ISP)
 Intranets & Extranets
• Intranets
• Extranets
• Benefits: fast information transmission
• Problems: security & privacy
 Connect Network to Computer
• Methods
– Direct connection between circuit and computer
• Small network
• Low cost
• Cycle stealing
– Network interface card
– Use a front-end processor: telecommunication
control unit or transmission control unit
• Large host computer
• Better utilize computer resources
 Front-end Processors (FEPs)

• Types
– Hardware (interface or port): speed
– Software ( network control program NCP):
flexible
 FEPs - Functions
• Circuit control
• Assembly messages
• Message queuing or storing
• Error control
• Administration functions
 Functions of Telecommunication Software
in Host Computer

• Security
• Buffer management
• Routing a message to a program
• Queuing messages
• Scheduling application program
• Providing continuity between part of a transaction
• Message formatting
• Checkpoint/restart
• Preventing messages from lost or duplicated
 Software for Network Management

• Control and monitor the network status

– Start/stop network, terminal, and line
– Performance
• Log network operation
• Display network data
 Manufacturers’ Architectures
• IBM’s System Network Architecture (SNA)
• Digital Equipment Corporation’s Digital
Network Architecture (DNA)
 IBM’s SNA Concepts
• Physical units
• Logical units
• Sessions
• Network addressing units (NAUs)
• Data link protocols
• SNA software
– Network Control program (NCP)
– Virtual Telecommunications Access Method
 SNA Physical Units
• Terminals (1)
• Cluster controllers (2)
• Front-end processors (4)
• Host computers (5)
 SNA Logical Units
• People
• Application programs
 SNA Sessions
• Types
– Terminal-to-terminal
– Terminal-to-program
– Program-to-program
• Modes
– Interactive
– Batch
– Multiple simultaneous
SNA Network Addressable Units
• Physical units
• Logical units
• Address: 24 bits
 SNA Data Link Protocols
• Synchronous Data Link control (SDLC)
• Binary Synchronous Communications
(BISYNC or BSC)
• X.25
 System Network Architecture
• Physical control
– Physical and electrical connections
– Transmission codes
– Voltages
• Data link control
– Format
– Reliability
• Path control
– Routing information
• Transmission control
– Security & compression
• Data flow control
– Flow control
• Presentation services
– Format
• Transaction services
– Coordinating application software
 Digital’s DNA -I
• Protocols
– Digital Data Communication Message Protocol
(DDCMP)
– X.25
– Ethernet
• DECNET Layers
– Application
– Network service
– Transport
– Data link control
– Physical link control
 Points to Remember
• Definition
• Classification
• Information Routing
• Connection
• Telecommunication software
• Architecture
 Discussion
• Does CSUS need a backbone network?
• What type of backbone do you think that CSUS
needs (give your justifications)?
• What type of network does CSUS needs in terms
of topology, ownership, geography and
transmission technology?
• What type of network does a grocery chain store
needs in terms of topology, ownership, geography
and transmission technology?