CHE 230: Materials Science

Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
with materials 1
 COURSE MATERIAL
Required text:
• Materials Science and Engineering
W.D. Callister, Jr., D. G. Rethwisch 9th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2011,2015). Both
book and accompanying CD-ROM are needed.

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f
Overview of the Overview
 You will also learn basic problem solving
skills:
– 0. I want to and I can
– 1. Define the problem
– 2. Explore or think about it
– 3. Plan
– 4. Do it
– 5. Check
– 6. Generalize
How can you succeed in materials?
– Read the sections to be covered in class
– Stay alert, ask questions, and take thorough
notes
– Reread the material and do your homework

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 LABORATORY SECTIONS

Purpose: To learn more about materials by relating

lecture material with observations. Also to learn to
properly formulate and write engineering reports and
proposals.

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 Chapter 1 - Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. List six different property classifications of materials that determine
their applicability.
2. (a) Cite the four components that are involved in the design,
production, and utilization of materials.
(b) Briefly describe the interrelationships between these components.
3. Cite three criteria that are important in the materials selection process.
4. (a) List the three primary classifications of solid materials, and then
cite the distinctive chemical feature of each.
(b) In addition, note the other three types of materials, and, for each,
its distinctive feature(s).

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 Chapter 1 - Introduction
 What is materials science?
 Why should we know about it?

 Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?

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Materials Science
 Involves investigation the relationships that
exist between the structures and properties
of materials.
 Develop or synthesize new materials.

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Materials Science
 Material structure
Provide understanding of the different
mechanical properties of different materials
in terms of their structure.

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Materials Engineering
 On the basis of the structure-property
correlations, Materials Engineer will
design/engineer the structure of a material
to produce predetermined set of properties.
 Create new products or systems using
existing materials, and/or develop
techniques for processing materials.

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 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering

 Chemical, civil, electrical, or mechanical will be exposed to design

problem involving materials.
 Oil refinery component, superstructure for a building, integrated circuit
chip, or a transmission gear.
 We need to select the right materials for an application
(a) In service conditions
(b) Deterioration of material properties
(c) Cost

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 Historical Perspective
 Beginning of the materials science – people began to make tools from
stone – start of the stone age about two million years ago.
 The stone age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of bronze
in the far east. Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one
element), Copper + <25% of tin + other elements.
Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made
harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film
forms.
 The Iron age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of
iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically
daily life of a common person.

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 Materials Selection
Three important criteria
 Properties
Mechanical + Physical
 Deterioration
Environmental factors: oxidation & corrosion
 Economics
Price & availability
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 Material Properties
 Mechanical Physical Properties:
(forces ~ deformation)  Electrical
Strength  Thermal
Ductility
Fracture toughness
 Magnetic
Impact  Optical
Creep
Fatigue  Deteriorative
Wear

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The four components of the discipline of materials science
and engineering and their interrelationship

Four components of the discipline of materials science

and engineering & their linear interrelationship.

Processing

Structure

Properties

Performance
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 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 7e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

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1- Transparent-all the reflected light pass
through (a single crystal-highly perfect).
2- Translucent-scatter a portion of the light
reflected from the printed page (several very
small single crystals that are connected)
3-Opaque-scatter all the reflected light (many
small crystals and a large number of very small
pores or voids)

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 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a)
400 (b) and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.13 and associated
4m discussion, Callister 6e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24;
30m
and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.
200 30m

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel 18
 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,
Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,
McGraw-Hill Company, New York,
1970.)

• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

• Deforming Cu increases resistivity. 19
THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles:
• Thermal Conductivity
of Copper:
--Silica fiber insulation --It decreases when
offers low heat conduction. you add zinc!

Fig. 19.0, Callister 6e.

(Courtesy of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)

Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e.

Fig. 19.4W, Callister (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys
Lockheed Aerospace and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for
Sunnyvale, CA) Metals, 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes 20
fig. is on CD-ROM.)
 MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
-- Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by -- Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Fe+3%Si

Magnetization
Fe

Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering
Fig. 21.23, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973.
(Courtesy of HGST, a Western Digital Company.) Electronically reproduced by permission of
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey.
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 DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
--causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and

Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505,
Adapted from Fig. 17.0, Callister 6e. John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O.
(Fig. 17.0 is from Marine Corrosion, Causes, Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)
and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
4m
1975.)
--material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.24,

Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.24 provided courtesy of G.H. 22
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.)
Classification of Materials
 Metals & alloys
 Ceramics
 Polymers
Metals, Ceramics & Polymers - based on
atomic bonds and structures - Primary
 Composites
 Semiconductors
 Biomaterials
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Metals & Alloys
Metals & alloys are combinations of metallic
elements
They are characterized by their high thermal
& electrical conductivity
What accounts for metallic characteristics?
 Valence electrons are not bound, but rather
can leave their “parent” atoms

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Important Properties of Metals & Alloys

 Density (mass/volume): dense - strong

 Good conductors of electricity and heat
 Plastic Deformation: can be deformed into
complex shapes
 Fracture toughness: ductile - resistant to
breaking at high impact forces

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Ceramics & Glasses
Ceramics & glasses are ionic bonding
(refractory)-compounds that contain
metallic & nonmetallic elements, or defined
as any inorganic nonmetallic materials
Ceramics - crystalline
Glasses - noncrystalline or amorphous

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Important Properties of Ceramics and Glasses

 Density: Low
 Good electrical & thermal insulators
 Brittle
 Melting temperature: High
 Strength: High
 Corrosion resistance: High

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Polymers
Poly = many; Mer = unit.
Polymer = many units
Covalent bonding  sharing of electrons
A polymer has a repeating structure, usually
based on a carbon backbone. The repeating
structure results in large chainlike
molecules.

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 Example – Develop New Types
of Polymers
 Commodity plastics – large volume ca. $0.50 / lb
Ex. Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
etc.

 Engineering Resins – small volume > $1.00 / lb

Ex. Polycarbonate
Nylon
Polysulfone
etc.

Can polypropylene be “upgraded” to properties (and

price) near those of engineering resins? 29
Important Properties of Polymers
 Density: Low - lightweight
 Good electrical & thermal insulators
 Flexible & subject to deformation
 Thermal Transitions: ~ 100oC

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Composites
Two (or more) materials are combined to
produce a new material.
Properties of Composites
 Low density
 High strength
 Good ductility
 High temperature applications
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Semiconductors
Electrical properties are intermediate between
the electrical conductors and insulators
In some ways semiconductors are a subclass
of ceramics
 Very brittle
 Electrical conductivity can be controlled
Applications: Electronics, computers
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Biomaterials
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into
the human body for replacement of diseased or
damaged body parts.
For Example: Hip replacement designs (p.753)

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 Example – Hip Implant
 With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate. Particularly those
with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e. 34

 Example – Hip Implant
 Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

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Example – Hip Implant

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Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e.

 Hip Implant
 Key problems to overcome Ball
– fixation agent to hold
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
Acetabular
– femoral stem – fixing agent Cup and Liner
(“glue”)
– must avoid any debris in cup
Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 22, Callister 7e.
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The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
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Smart Materials: Material that
sense and adapt to changes
Environmental –Friendly Materials
Materials when disposed, it will
biodegrade (breakdown microbes) or
photodegrade (breakdown by light)

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 Learning Objectives

1 List six different property classifications of

materials that determine their applicability:
mechanical
electrical
thermal
magnetic
optical
deteriorative

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 Learning Objectives

2 Cite the four components that are involved

in the design, production, and utilization
of materials, and briefly describe the inter-
relationships between these components.
Processing
Structure
Properties
Performance
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 Learning Objectives

3 Cite three criteria that are important in the

materials selection process.
Properties
Deterioration (environments)
Economics

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 Learning Objectives

4 (a) Cite the three primary classifications of solid

materials, and then cite the distinctive chemical
feature of each. (b) Note the other three types of
materials and, for each, its distinctive features
(a)Primary Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
(b) Others Composites
Semiconductors
Biomaterials
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SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

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