SQL – Part II

Yong Choi
School of Business
CSU, Bakersfield
 SQL Examples – Aggregate Functions

• Example 18: Save as example 18

– How many parts (count number of records) are
in item class HW?
– Use of “count” command
– Count all records: count(*)
 Example 18
SQL Query to Count Records
 Example 18
SELECT count(*)
FROM Part
WHERE Class="HW";
 SQL Examples – Aggregate Functions

• Example 19: Save as example 19

– Find the number of customers and the total of
their balances.
– Calculate total: sum(field name)
 Example 19
SQL Query to Count Records and
Calculate a Total
 Example 19
SELECT count(*), Sum(Balance)
FROM Customer;
 SQL Examples – Aggregate Functions

• Example 20: Save as example 20

– Find the total number of customers and the total
of their balances. Change the column names for
the number of customers and the total of their
balances to CustomerCount and
BalancesTotal.
– Change column name using “AS” command
 Example 20
SQL Query to Perform Calculations and
Rename Fields
 Example 20
SELECT count(*) AS CustomerCount,
Sum(Balance) AS BalanceTotal
FROM Customer;
 SQL Examples – Nested Query

• A query inside another query

– A inside query (sub-query) is evaluated first.
– It is common to enclose sub-query in parentheses for
readability!!
• Example 21: Save as example 21
– List the order number for each order from the order
line table for a part located in warehouse 3.
– Think about connection between tables (OrderLine
and Part).
 Example 21
SQL Query with Subquery
 Example 21
SELECT OrderNum
FROM OrderLine
WHERE PartNum IN
(SELECT PartNum
FROM Part
WHERE Warehouse='3');
 SQL Examples - Grouping

• Use GROUP BY clause

– ONLY grouping, NOT sorting (usually associated
with ORDER BY clause)
• Example 22: Save as example 22
– For each sales rep, list the rep number, the
number of customers assigned to each rep, and
the average balance of the rep’s customers.
– Rename the count of the number of customers
and the average of the balances to
NumOfCustomers and AverageBalance
 Example 22
SQL Query to Group Records
 Example 22
SELECT RepNum,
Count(*) AS NumOfCustomer,
Avg(Balance) AS AvgBalance
FROM Customer
GROUP BY RepNum
 SQL Examples – Grouping (con’t)

• Example 23: Save as example 23

– For each sales rep with fewer than four customers, list
the rep number, the number of customers assigned to
the rep, and the average balance of the rep’s
customers. Rename the count of the number of
customers and the average of the balances to
NumOfCustomers and AverageBalance.
– Use of “Having” command.
 Example 23
SQL Query to Restrict Groups
 Example 23
SELECT RepNum,
count(*) AS NumCustomer,
Avg(Balance) AS AverageBalance
FROM Customer
GROUP BY RepNum
HAVING Count(*)<4;
 SQL Examples – Grouping (con’t)

• Use of Where and Having clauses together

– “Where” command must be stated first
• Example 23-1: Save as example 23-1
– Exactly same as example 23. Except, only groups
with fewer than three records and customers with
credit limit of less than $10,000 must be included.
 Example 23-1
SQL Query with ‘WHERE’
and ‘HAVING’ Clauses
 Example 23-1
SELECT RepNum, count(*) AS NumCustomer,
Avg(Balance) AS AverageBalance
FROM Customer
WHERE CreditLimit<10000
GROUP BY RepNum
HAVING Count(*)<3;
 SQL Examples – Joining Tables

• Use of multiple tables

• Example 24: Save as example 24
– List the number and name of each customer together with
the number, last name, and first name of the sales rep who
represents the customer.
• CustomerNum, CustomerName, RepNum, LastName,
FirstName
 Example 24
SQL Query to Join Tables
 Example 24
SELECT CustomerNum, CustomerName,
Rep.RepNum, LastName, FirstName
FROM Customer, Rep
WHERE Rep.RepNum=Customer.RepNum;
 SQL Examples – Joining Tables (con’t)

• Use of multiple tables with a compound

condition
• Example 25: Save as example 25
– List the number and name of each customer
whose credit limit is $10,000 together with
number, last name, and first name of the sales rep
who represents the customer.
 Example 25
Query to Restrict Records in Join
 Example 25

SELECT CustomerNum, CustomerName, Rep.RepNum,

LastName, FirstName
FROM Customer, Rep
WHERE Rep.RepNum=Customer.RepNum
AND CreditLimit=10000;
 SQL Examples – Joining Tables (con’t)

• Example 26: Save as example

– For every order, list the order number, order date,
customer number, and customer name. In
addition, for each order line within the order, list
the part number, description, number ordered, and
quoted price.
– How many tables?
– How many conditions?
 Example 26
Query to Join Multiple Tables
 Example 26
SELECT Orders.OrderNum, Orderdate,
Customer.CustomerNum, CustomerName,
Part.PartNum, Description, NumOrdered, QuotedPrice
FROM Orders, Customer, OrderLine, Part
WHERE
Customer.CustomerNum=Order.CustomerNum AND
Order.OrderNum=OrderLine.OrderNum
AND OrderLine.PartNum=Part.PartNum;
 SQL Examples – Union

• The union of two tables is a table containing all rows that are in
either the first table, the second table, or both tables.
– Two tables involved in union must have same structure.

• Example 27: Save as example 27

– List the number and name of all customers that
are either represented by sales rep 35 or that
currently have orders on file, or both.
Example 27 SQL Query to Perform Union
Red: Currently have orders on file
Blue: Represented by sales rep 35
Green: Both
 Example 27
SELECT CustomerNum, CustomerName
FROM Customer
WHERE RepNum='35'
UNION
SELECT Customer.CustomerNum, CustomerName
FROM Customer, Order
WHERE
Customer.CustomerNum=Order.CustomerNum;
 Three Basic Functions by SQL
And Their Basic SQL Commands
1.Data definition (last topic) through the use of
CREATE
2.Data manipulation (next topic) through INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE
3.Data querying (we are done with this) through
the use of SELECT AND MANY OTHERS, which is the
basis for all SQL queries.
 SQL - Data Manipulation

• Possible with Access

– UPDATE
– INSERT
– DELETE
• Possible with enterprise level DBMS
– COMMIT
– ROLLBACK
 SQL - Data Manipulation (con’t)

• UPDATE command makes data entry corrections

UPDATE Project
SET PrjtLocat = 'Bellaire', DeptNum = 5
WHERE PrjtNum = 10;

UPDATE Employee
SET Salary = Salary * 1.1
WHERE Branch = 'Lincoln';
 SQL - Data Manipulation (con’t)

• INSERT command add new data to a table

INSERT INTO Employee (SSN, LastName, FirstName)

VALUES ('Richard', 'Marini', '43433');

• DELETE command removes table row

– DELETE FROM Employee

– WHERE LastName = 'Brown';
 SQL - Data Manipulation (con’t)

• COMMIT command store data on the secondary

memory permanently

• ROLLBACK command restores database back to

previous condition if COMMIT hasn’t been used
 SQL Examples - Data Manipulation

• Example 28: Save as example 28

– Change the street address of customer 524 to
1445 Rivard
– First, review the current street address of
customer 524 (838 Ridgeland)
 Example 28

UPDATE Customer
SET Street = '1445 Rivard'
WHERE CustomerNum='524';
 SQL Examples - Data Manipulation

• Example 29: Save as example 29

– Add a new sales rep to the Rep table. Her number
is 16, her name is Sharon Rands, and her address
is 826 Raymond, Altonville, FL 32543. She has
not yet earned any commission, but her
commission rate is 5%(0.05).
 Example 29

INSERT INTO Rep

VALUES ('16', 'Rands', 'Shron', '826 Raymond',
'Altonville', 'FL', '32543', 0, 0.05);
 SQL Examples - Data Manipulation

• Example 30: Save as example 30

– Delete any row in the Orderline table in which the
part number is BV06
– First, review the part number BV06
(OrderNum21617)
 Example 30

DELETE *
FROM OrderLine
WHERE PartNum='BV06';
 SQL Examples – Creating a New Table
Using a Existing Table
• Example 31: save as example 31
– Create a new table named SmallCust, consisting
of all fields from the Customer table and those
rows in which the credit limit is less than or equal
to $7,500.

SELECT
INTO Name of table to create
FROM
WHERE
 Example 31
SQL Query to Create New Table
 Example 31

SELECT * INTO SmallCust

FROM Customer
WHERE CreditLimit<=7500;
 SQL - Data Definition I
• Create a database structure to hold all the database
tables; MS Access ONLY can create tables
• Usually, only a DBA can create a new database
structure
SQL syntax for creating a database structure:
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION <creator>;

Example:
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION JONES;
 SQL - Data Definition II

• Specify a new relation by giving it a name and

specifying each of its attributes.
• Each attribute is given a name, a data type to specify
its values, and some constraints on the attribute.
• Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <table name>;
 SQL Example – Data Definition

• Example 32: Save as example 32

– Create a table call “CSUB” that contains following
fields:
• EmpID Number (vs. Number(9) or Num(9))
• LastName Char(20)
• FirstName Char(20)
• Street Char(30)
• City Char(20)
• State Char(2)
• Phone Number
 Example 32 (con’t)

Using Access
Create table CSUB
(EmpID Number, LastName Char(20), FirstName Char(20), Street
Char(30), City Char(20), State Char(2), Phone Number);

• Insert following values:

– EmpID: 123456789
– LastName: your lastname
– FirstName: your firstname
– Street: 9001 Stockdale Hgwy
– City: Bakersfield
– State: CA
– Phone: 6616656691
 Example 32

INSERT INTO Employee

VALUES ('987654321', 'Choi', 'Yong', '9001
Stockdale', 'Bakersfield', 'CA', '123456789');
Using Oracle
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
(FNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
LNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
SSN CHAR(9) NOT NULL,
BDATE DATE,
SEX CHAR,
SALARY DECIMAL(10,2),
SUPERSSN CHAR(9),
DEPTNO INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (SSN),
FOREIGN KEY (SUPERSSN) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(SSN), FOREIGN
KEY (DNO) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(DNUMBER) );