Chapter 11

File Processing

Associate Prof. Yuh-Shyan Chen

Dept. of Computer Science and
Information Engineering
National Chung-Cheng University
Chapter 11 – File Processing
Outline
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Data Hierarchy
11.3 Files and Streams
11.4 Creating a Sequential Access File
11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential Access File
11.6 Updating Sequential Access Files
11.7 Random Access Files
11.8 Creating a Random Access File
11.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random Access File
11.10 Reading Data Sequentially from a Random Access File
11.11 Example: A Transaction Processing Program
11.12 Input/Output of Objects
11.1 Introduction

 Data files can be created, updated, and processed by C

programs
Files are used for permanent storage of large amounts
of data
Storage of data in variables and arrays is only
temporary
11.2 The Data Hierarchy
 Bit - smallest data item
 Value of 0 or 1
 Byte – 8 bits
 Used to store a character
 Decimal digits, letters, and special symbols
 Field - group of characters conveying meaning
 Example: your name
 Record – group of related fields
 Represented a struct or a class
 Example: In a payroll system, a record for a particular
employee that contained his/her identification number, name,
address, etc.
 File – group of related records
 Example: payroll file
 Database – group of related files
DBMS (Database management system)
A collection of programs designed to create and
manage databases
11.2 The Data Hierarchy (II)

 Record key
 Identifies a record to facilitate the retrieval of specific records from a file
 Sequential file
 Records typically sorted by key
 Struct for a record
1 /* Fig. 11.11: fig11_11.c
2 Creating a randomly accessed file sequentially */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* clientData structure definition */
6 struct clientData {
7 int acctNum; /* account number */
8 char lastName[ 15 ]; /* account last name */
9 char firstName[ 10 ]; /* account first name */
10 double balance; /* account balance */
11 }; /* end structure clientData */
12
13 int main()
14 {
15 int i; /* counter */
16
17 /* create clientData with no information */
18 struct clientData blankClient = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
19
20 FILE *cfPtr; /* credit.dat file pointer */
21
22 /* fopen opens the file; exits if file cannot be opened */
23 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "wb" ) ) == NULL ) {
24 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
25 } /* end if */
26 else {
27
28 /* output 100 blank records to file */
29 for ( i = 1; i <= 100; i++ ) {
30 fwrite( &blankClient, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, cfPtr );
31 } /* end for */
32
33 fclose ( cfPtr ); /* fclose closes the file */
34 } /* end else */
35
36 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
37
38 } /* end main */
11.3 Files and Streams

 C views each file as a sequence of bytes

 File ends with the end-of-file marker
 Or, file ends at a specified byte
 Stream created when a file is opened
 Provide communication channel between files and programs
 Opening a file returns a pointer to a FILE structure (defined in
<stdio.h>)
 Example file pointers:
 stdin - standard input (keyboard)
 stdout - standard output (screen)
 stderr - standard error (screen)
 FILE structure
 File descriptor - Index into operating system array called the
open file table
 File Control Block (FCB) - Found in every array element, system
uses it to administer the file
11.3 Files and Streams (II)

 Read/Write functions in standard library

 fgetc - reads one character from a file
 Takes a FILE pointer as an argument
 fgetc( stdin ) is equivalent to getchar()
 fputc - writes one character to a file
 Takes a FILE pointer and a character to write as an argument
 fputc( 'a', stdout ) is equivalent to putchar( 'a' )
 fgets - read a line from a file
 fputs - write a line to a file
 fscanf / fprintf - file processing equivalents of scanf and
printf
11.4 Creating a Sequential Access File

 C imposes no file structure

 No notion of records in a file
 Programmer must provide file structure
 Creating a File
 FILE *myPtr; - creates a FILE pointer
 myPtr = fopen("myFile.dat", openmode);
 Function fopen returns a FILE pointer to file specified
 Takes two arguments - file to open and file open mode
 If file not opened, NULL returned
 fprintf - like printf, except first argument is a FILE pointer
(the file receiving data)
 feof(FILE pointer) - returns true if end-of-file indicator (no
more data to process) is set for the specified file
 Create a sequential file
1 /* Fig. 11.3: fig11_03.c
2 Create a sequential file */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int account; /* account number */
8 char name[ 30 ]; /* account name */
9 double balance; /* account balance */
10
11 FILE *cfPtr; /* cfPtr = clients.dat file pointer */
12
13 /* fopen opens file. Exit program if unable to create file */
14 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "w" ) ) == NULL ) {
15 printf( "File could not be opened\n" );
16 } /* end if */
17 else {
18 printf( "Enter the account, name, and balance.\n" );
19 printf( "Enter EOF to end input.\n" );
20 printf( "? " );
21 scanf( "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
22
23 /* write account, name and balance into file with fprintf */
24 while ( !feof( stdin ) ) {
25 fprintf( cfPtr, "%d %s %.2f\n", account, name, balance );
26 printf( "? " );
27 scanf( "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
28 } /* end while */
29
30 fclose( cfPtr ); /* fclose closes file */
31 } /* end else */
32
33 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
34
35 } /* end main */

Enter the account, name, and balance.

Enter EOF to end input.
? 100 Jones 24.98
? 200 Doe 345.67
? 300 White 0.00
? 400 Stone -42.16
? 500 Rich 224.62
? ^Z
11.4 Creating a Sequential Access File (II)

 fclose(FILE pointer) - closes specified file

 Performed automatically when program ends
 Good practice to close files explicitly
 File Open Mode
 Programs may process no files, one file, or many files
 Each file must have an unique name and will have a different
pointer
 All file processing must refer to the file using the pointer
File Open Mode
Mode Description
r Open a file for reading.
w Create a file for writing. If the file already exists, discard the current contents.
a Append; open or create a file for writing at end of file.
r+ Open a file for update (reading and writing).
w+ Create a file for update. If the file already exists, discard the current contents.
a+ Append; open or create a file for update; writing is done at the end of the file.
rb Open a file for reading in binary mode.
wb Create a file for writing in binary mode. If the file already exists, discard the
current contents.
ab Append; open or create a file for writing at end of file in binary mode.
rb+ Open a file for update (reading and writing) in binary mode.
wb+ Create a file for update in binary mode. If the file already exists, discard the
current contents.
ab+ Append; open or create a file for update in binary mode; writing is done at the
end of the file.
Fig. 11.6 File open modes.
11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential Access
File
 Reading a sequential access file
 Create a FILE pointer, link it to the file to read
myPtr = fopen( "myFile.dat", "r" );
 Use fscanf to read from the file
 Like scanf, except first argument is a FILE pointer
fscanf( myPtr, "%d%s%f", &myInt, &myString, &myFloat );

 Data read from beginning to end

 File position pointer - indicates number of next byte to be
read/written
 Not really a pointer, but an integer value (specifies byte location)
 Also called byte offset
 rewind(myPtr) - repositions file position pointer to beginning
of the file (byte 0)
 Reading data from a sequential-access
file
1 /* Fig. 11.7: fig11_07.c
2 Reading and printing a sequential file */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int account; /* account number */
8 char name[ 30 ]; /* account name */
9 double balance; /* account balance */
10
11 FILE *cfPtr; /* cfPtr = clients.dat file pointer */
12
13 /* fopen opens file; exits program if file cannot be opened */
14 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL ) {
15 printf( "File could not be opened\n" );
16 } /* end if */
17 else { /* read account, name and balance from file */
18 printf( "%-10s%-13s%s\n", "Account", "Name", "Balance" );
19 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
20
21 /* while not end of file */
22 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
23 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n", account, name, balance );
24 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
25 } /* end while */
26
27 fclose( cfPtr ); /* fclose closes the file */
28 } /* end else */
29
30 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
31
32 } /* end main */

Account Name Balance

100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
300 White 0.00
400 Stone -42.16
500 Rich 224.62
1 /* Fig. 11.8: fig11_08.c
2 Credit inquiry program */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main()
7 {
8 int request; /* request number */
9 int account; /* account number */
10 double balance; /* account balance */
11 char name[ 30 ]; /* account name */
12 FILE *cfPtr; /* clients.dat file pointer */
13
14 /* fopen opens the file; exits program if file cannot be opened */
15 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL ) {
16 printf( "File could not be opened\n" );
17 } /* end if */
18 else {
19
20 /* display request options */
21 printf( "Enter request\n"
22 " 1 - List accounts with zero balances\n"
23 " 2 - List accounts with credit balances\n"
24 " 3 - List accounts with debit balances\n"
25 " 4 - End of run\n? " );
26 scanf( "%d", &request );
27
28 /* process user's request */
29 while ( request != 4 ) {
30
31 /* read account, name and balance from file */
32 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
33
34 switch ( request ) {
35
36 case 1:
37 printf( "\nAccounts with zero balances:\n" );
38
39 /* read file contents (until eof) */
40 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
41
42 if ( balance == 0 ) {
43 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
44 account, name, balance );
45 } /* end if */
46
47 /* read account, name and balance from file */
48 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
49 &account, name, &balance );
50 } /* end while */
51
52 break;
53
54 case 2:
55 printf( "\nAccounts with credit balances:\n" );
56
57 /* read file contents (until eof) */
58 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
59
60 if ( balance < 0 ) {
61 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
62 account, name, balance );
63 } /* end if */
64
65 /* read account, name and balance from file */
66 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
67 &account, name, &balance );
68 } /* end while */
69
70 break;
71
72 case 3:
73 printf( "\nAccounts with debit balances:\n" );
74
75 /* read file contents (until eof) */
76 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
77
78 if ( balance > 0 ) {
79 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
80 account, name, balance );
81 } /* end if */
82
83 /* read account, name and balance from file */
84 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
85 &account, name, &balance );
86 } /* end while */
87
88 break;
89
90 } /* end switch */
91
92 rewind( cfPtr ); /* return cfPtr to beginning of file */
93
94 printf( "\n? " );
95 scanf( "%d", &request );
96 } /* end while */
97
98 printf( "End of run.\n" );
99 fclose( cfPtr ); /* fclose closes the file */
100 } /* end else */
101
102 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
103
104 } /* end main */

Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
? 1

Accounts with zero balances:

300 White 0.00

? 2

Accounts with credit balances:

400 Stone -42.16

? 3

Accounts with debit balances:

100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
500 Rich 224.62

? 4
End of run.
習題
Try to write a C program to read/write sequential-access files and perform
a sorting procedure.
1. Assume that you have an original data file "A. dat" with the following context.
Account Name Balance
300 White 0.00
200 Doe 345.67
100 Jones 24.98
500 Rich 224.62
400 Stone -224.62

2. Try to read the all records from file "A.dat" and sort all the records based the on record
key (Account), and write the sorted records to a new created file "B.dat", as follows.
Account Name Balance
100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
300 White 0.00
400 Stone -224.62
500 Rich 224.62
11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential Access
File (II)

 Sequential access file

Cannot be modified without the risk of destroying other
data
300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87 (old data in file)
If we want to change White's name to Worthington,

300 Worthington 0.00

300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87

Data gets overwritten

300 Worthington 0.00ones 32.87

11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential Access
File (III)

 Formatted output
Different representation in files and screen than internal
representation
1, 34, -890 are all ints, but have different sizes on
disk
11.6 Random Access Files
 Random access files
 Access individual records without searching through other
records
 Instant access to records in a file
 Data can be inserted without destroying other data
 Data previously stored can be updated or deleted without
overwriting.
 Implemented using fixed length records
 Sequential files do not have fixed length records

0 100 200 300 400 500

} byte offsets
}
}
}
}
}
100 100 100 100 100
}
100
bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes
11.7 Creating a Random Access File

 Data
Data unformatted (stored as "raw bytes") in random
access files
 All data of the same type (ints, for example) use the
same memory
 All records of the same type have a fixed length
 Data not human readable
11.7 Creating a Random Access File (II)

 Unformatted I/O functions

fwrite - Transfer bytes from a location in memory to a
file
fread - Transfer bytes from a file to a location in
memory
 fwrite( &number, sizeof( int ), 1, myPtr );
 &number - Location to transfer bytes from
 sizeof( int ) - Number of bytes to transfer
 1 - For arrays, number of elements to transfer
• In this case, "one element" of an array is being transferred
 myPtr - File to transfer to or from
 fread similar
11.7 Creating a Random Access File (III)

 Writing structs

fwrite( &myObject, sizeof (struct myStruct), 1, myPtr );

 sizeof - Returns size in bytes of object in parentheses

 To write several array elements

 Pointer to array as first argument
 Number of elements to write as third argument
1 /* Fig. 11.11: fig11_11.c
2 Creating a randomly accessed file sequentially */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* clientData structure definition */
6 struct clientData {
7 int acctNum; /* account number */
8 char lastName[ 15 ]; /* account last name */
9 char firstName[ 10 ]; /* account first name */
10 double balance; /* account balance */
11 }; /* end structure clientData */
12
13 int main()
14 {
15 int i; /* counter */
16
17 /* create clientData with no information */
18 struct clientData blankClient = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
19
20 FILE *cfPtr; /* credit.dat file pointer */
21
22 /* fopen opens the file; exits if file cannot be opened */
23 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "wb" ) ) == NULL ) {
24 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
25 } /* end if */
26 else {
27
28 /* output 100 blank records to file */
29 for ( i = 1; i <= 100; i++ ) {
30 fwrite( &blankClient, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, cfPtr );
31 } /* end for */
32
33 fclose ( cfPtr ); /* fclose closes the file */
34 } /* end else */
35
36 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
37
38 } /* end main */
11.8 Writing Data Randomly to a Random
Access File
 fseek
 Sets file position pointer to a specific position
 fseek( myPtr, offset, symbolic_constant);
 myPtr - pointer to file
 offset - file position pointer (0 is first location)
 symbolic_constant - specifies where in file we are reading from
 SEEK_SET - seek starts at beginning of file
 SEEK_CUR - seek starts at current location in file
 SEEK_END - seek starts at end of file
1 /* Fig. 11.12: fig11_12.c
2 Writing to a random access file */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* clientData structure definition */
6 struct clientData {
7 int acctNum; /* account number */
8 char lastName[ 15 ]; /* account last name */
9 char firstName[ 10 ]; /* account first name */
10 double balance; /* account balance */
11 }; /* end structure clientData */
12
13 int main()
14 {
15 FILE *cfPtr; /* credit.dat file pointer */
16
17 /* create clientData with no information */
18 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
19
20 /* fopen opens the file; exits if file cannot be opened */
21 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "rb+" ) ) == NULL ) {
22 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
23 } /* end if */
24 else {
25
26 /* require user to specify account number */
27 printf( "Enter account number"
28 " ( 1 to 100, 0 to end input )\n? " );
29 scanf( "%d", &client.acctNum );
30
31 /* user enters information, which is copied into file */
32 while ( client.acctNum != 0 ) {
33
34 /* user enters last name, first name and balance */
35 printf( "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? " );
36
37 /* set record lastName, firstName and balance value */
38 fscanf( stdin, "%s%s%lf", client.lastName,
39 client.firstName, &client.balance );
40
41 /* seek position in file of user-specified record */
42 fseek( cfPtr, ( client.acctNum - 1 ) *
43 sizeof( struct clientData ), SEEK_SET );
44
45 /* write user-specified information in file */
46 fwrite( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, cfPtr );
47
48 /* enable user to specify another account number */
49 printf( "Enter account number\n? " );
50 scanf( "%d", &client.acctNum );
51 } /* end while */
52
53 fclose( cfPtr ); /* fclose closes the file */
54 } /* end else */
55
56 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
57
58 } /* end main */

Enter account number ( 1 to 100, 0 to end input )

? 37
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Barker Doug 0.00
Enter account number
? 29
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Brown Nancy -24.54
Enter account number
? 96
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Stone Sam 34.98
Enter account number
? 88
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Smith Dave 258.34
Enter account number
? 33
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Dunn Stacey 314.33
Enter account number
? 0
11.9 Reading Data Sequentially from a
Random Access File

 fread
 Reads a specified number of bytes from a file into memory
fread( &client, sizeof (struct clientData), 1, myPtr );
 Can read several fixed-size array elements
 Provide pointer to array
 Indicate number of elements to read
 To read multiple elements, specify in third argument
1 /* Fig. 11.15: fig11_15.c
2 Reading a random access file sequentially */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* clientData structure definition */
6 struct clientData {
7 int acctNum; /* account number */
8 char lastName[ 15 ]; /* account last name */
9 char firstName[ 10 ]; /* account first name */
10 double balance; /* account balance */
11 }; /* end structure clientData */
12
13 int main()
14 {
15 FILE *cfPtr; /* credit.dat file pointer */
16
17 /* create clientData with no information */
18 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
19
20 /* fopen opens the file; exits if file cannot be opened */
21 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "rb" ) ) == NULL ) {
22 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
23 } /* end if */
24 else {
25 printf( "%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n", "Acct", "Last Name",
26 "First Name", "Balance" );
27
28 /* read all records from file (until eof) */
29 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
30 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, cfPtr );
31
32 /* display record */
33 if ( client.acctNum != 0 ) {
34 printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
35 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
36 client.firstName, client.balance );
37 } /* end if */
38
39 } /* end while */
40
41 fclose( cfPtr ); /* fclose closes the file */
42 } /* end else */
43
44 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
45
46 } /* end main */
Acct Last Name First Name Balance
29 Brown Nancy -24.54
33 Dunn Stacey 314.33
37 Barker Doug 0.00
88 Smith Dave 258.34
96 Stone Sam 34.98
11.10 Example: A Transaction Processing
Program

 Uses random access files to achieve instant access processing of a

bank’s account information

 We will
 Update existing accounts
 Add new accounts
 Delete accounts
 Store a formatted listing of all accounts in a text file
1 /* Fig. 11.16: fig11_16.c
2 This program reads a random access file sequentially, updates data
3 already written to the file, creates new data to be placed in the
4 file, and deletes data previously in the file. */
5 #include <stdio.h>
6
7 /* clientData structure definition */
8 struct clientData {
9 int acctNum; /* account number */
10 char lastName[ 15 ]; /* account last name */
11 char firstName[ 10 ]; /* account first name */
12 double balance; /* account balance */
13 }; /* end structure clientData */
14
15 /* prototypes */
16 int enterChoice( void );
17 void textFile( FILE *readPtr );
18 void updateRecord( FILE *fPtr );
19 void newRecord( FILE *fPtr );
20 void deleteRecord( FILE *fPtr );
21
22 int main()
23 {
24 FILE *cfPtr; /* credit.dat file pointer */
25 int choice; /* user's choice */
26
27 /* fopen opens the file; exits if file cannot be opened */
28 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "rb+" ) ) == NULL ) {
29 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
30 } /* end if */
31 else {
32
33 /* enable user to specify action */
34 while ( ( choice = enterChoice() ) != 5 ) {
35
36 switch ( choice ) {
37
38 /* create text file from record file */
39 case 1:
40 textFile( cfPtr );
41 break;
42
43 /* update record */
44 case 2:
45 updateRecord( cfPtr );
46 break;
47
48 /* create record */
49 case 3:
50 newRecord( cfPtr );
51 break;
52
53 /* delete existing record */
54 case 4:
55 deleteRecord( cfPtr );
56 break;
57
58 /* display message if user does not select valid choice */
59 default:
60 printf( "Incorrect choice\n" );
61 break;
62
63 } /* end switch */
64
65 } /* end while */
66
67 fclose( cfPtr ); /* fclose closes the file */
68 } /* end else */
69
70 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
71
72 } /* end main */
73
74 /* create formatted text file for printing */
75 void textFile( FILE *readPtr )
76 {
77 FILE *writePtr; /* accounts.txt file pointer */
78
79 /* create clientData with no information */
80 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
81
82 /* fopen opens the file; exits if file cannot be opened */
83 if ( ( writePtr = fopen( "accounts.txt", "w" ) ) == NULL ) {
84 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
85 } /* end if */
86 else {
87 rewind( readPtr ); /* sets pointer to beginning of record file */
88 fprintf( writePtr, "%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n",
89 "Acct", "Last Name", "First Name","Balance" );
90
91 /* copy all records from record file into text file */
92 while ( !feof( readPtr ) ) {
93 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, readPtr );
94
95 /* write single record to text file */
96 if ( client.acctNum != 0 ) {
97 fprintf( writePtr, "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
98 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
99 client.firstName, client.balance );
100 } /* end if */
101
102 } /* end while */
103
104 fclose( writePtr ); /* fclose closes the file */
105 } /* end else */
106
107 } /* end function textFile */
108
109 /* update balance in record */
110 void updateRecord( FILE *fPtr )
111 {
112 int account; /* account number */
113 double transaction; /* account transaction */
114
115 /* create clientData with no information */
116 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
117
118 /* obtain number of account to update */
119 printf( "Enter account to update ( 1 - 100 ): " );
120 scanf( "%d", &account );
121
122 /* move file pointer to correct record in file */
123 fseek( fPtr, ( account - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
124 SEEK_SET );
125
126 /* read record from file */
127 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
128
129 /* display error if account does not exist */
130 if ( client.acctNum == 0 ) {
131 printf( "Acount #%d has no information.\n", account );
132 } /* end if */
133 else { /* update record */
134 printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n\n",
135 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
136 client.firstName, client.balance );
137
138 /* request user to specify transaction */
139 printf( "Enter charge ( + ) or payment ( - ): " );
140 scanf( "%lf", &transaction );
141 client.balance += transaction; /* update record balance */
142
143 printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
144 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
145 client.firstName, client.balance );
146
147 /* move file pointer to correct record in file */
148 fseek( fPtr, ( account - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
149 SEEK_SET );
150
151 /* write updated record over old record in file */
152 fwrite( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
153 } /* end else */
154
155 } /* end function updateRecord */
156
157 /* delete an existing record */
158 void deleteRecord( FILE *fPtr )
159 {
160 /* create two clientDatas and initialize blankClient */
161 struct clientData client;
162 struct clientData blankClient = { 0, "", "", 0 };
163
164 int accountNum; /* account number */
165
166 /* obtain number of account to delete */
167 printf( "Enter account number to delete ( 1 - 100 ): " );
168 scanf( "%d", &accountNum );
169
170 /* move file pointer to correct record in file */
171 fseek( fPtr, ( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
172 SEEK_SET );
173
174 /* read record from file */
175 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
176
177 /* display error if record does not exist */
178 if ( client.acctNum == 0 ) {
179 printf( "Account %d does not exist.\n", accountNum );
180 } /* end if */
181 else { /* delete record */
182
183 /* move file pointer to correct record in file */
184 fseek( fPtr, ( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
185 SEEK_SET );
186
187 /* replace existing record with blank record */
188 fwrite( &blankClient,
189 sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
190 } /* end else */
191
192 } /* end function deleteRecord */
193
194 /* create and insert record */
195 void newRecord( FILE *fPtr )
196 {
197 /* create clientData with no information */
198 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
199
200 int accountNum; /* account number */
201
202 /* obtain number of account to create */
203 printf( "Enter new account number ( 1 - 100 ): " );
204 scanf( "%d", &accountNum );
205
206 /* move file pointer to correct record in file */
207 fseek( fPtr, ( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
208 SEEK_SET );
209
210 /* read record from file */
211 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
212
213 /* display error if account previously exists */
214 if ( client.acctNum != 0 ) {
215 printf( "Account #%d already contains information.\n",
216 client.acctNum );
217 } /* end if */
218 else { /* create record */
219
220 /* user enters last name, first name and balance */
221 printf( "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? " );
222 scanf( "%s%s%lf", &client.lastName, &client.firstName,
223 &client.balance );
224
225 client.acctNum = accountNum;
226
227 /* move file pointer to correct record in file */
228 fseek( fPtr, ( client.acctNum - 1 ) *
229 sizeof( struct clientData ), SEEK_SET );
230
231 /* insert record in file */
232 fwrite( &client,
233 sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
234 } /* end else */
235
236 } /* end function newRecord */
237
238 /* enable user to input menu choice */
239 int enterChoice( void )
240 {
241 int menuChoice; /* variable to store user's choice */
242
243 /* display available options */
244 printf( "\nEnter your choice\n"
245 "1 - store a formatted text file of acounts called\n"
246 " \"accounts.txt\" for printing\n"
247 "2 - update an account\n"
248 "3 - add a new account\n"
249 "4 - delete an account\n"
250 "5 - end program\n? " );
251
252 scanf( "%d", &menuChoice ); /* receive choice from user */
253
254 return menuChoice;
255
256 } /* end function enterChoice */
After choosing option 1 accounts.txt contains:

Acct Last Name First Name Balance

29 Brown Nancy -24.54
33 Dunn Stacey 314.33
37 Barker Doug 0.00
88 Smith Dave 258.34
96 Stone Sam 34.98

After choosing option 2 accounts.txt contains:

Enter account to update ( 1 - 100 ): 37

37 Barker Doug 0.00

Enter charge ( + ) or payment ( - ): +87.99

37 Barker Doug 87.99

After choosing option 3 accounts.txt contains:

Enter new account number ( 1 - 100 ): 22

Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Johnston Sarah 247.45