Transformer Lecture

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Transformers are used to transfer electrical energy between circuits by electromagnetic induction, changing the voltage and current characteristics. They have various applications in power transmission and electronics.

Transformers are used in power transmission and distribution to increase or decrease voltages, as well as in electronics applications like appliances, medical equipment, and communications devices.

A transformer consists of two windings wound around a common magnetic core. One winding is the primary and is connected to the power source, while the other is the secondary and is connected to the load. Energy is transferred between the windings through electromagnetic induction.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

WORKSHOP PRACTICE II
(ECEg 3133)

DESIGN AND WINDING OF


ELECTRICAL POWER
TRANSFORMER
CHAPTER 1
Dr. Alejandro D. Pantallano
Assistant Professor
TRANSFORMER
A TRANSFORMER is an electrical
device used to transfer electrical
energy from one circuit to another
circuit (primary winding to secondary
winding), by means of electro-
magnetic induction. In the transfer of
electrical energy, the original form of
the voltage and current is changed
into a different characteristics, when
the voltage is increased, the current
is decreased and vice versa.
APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMER

The transformer is used in the


transmission and distribution of
power to save copper in line
construction. In transmitting any
given power, if the voltage is
increased, the current may be
decreased.
Transformers are widely used in
electronic circuits such as; electronic test
instruments and equipment, home and
office appliances, medical equipment,
communication equipment,
instrumentation and control, and
computer system.
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION

 A transformer consists of two windings


coupled through a magnetic medium.
 The two windings work at different
voltage level.
 The two windings of the transformer
are called High voltage winding and
Low voltage winding.
 Both the windings are wound on a
common core.
 One of the winding is connected to ac
supply and it is called primary.
 The other winding is connected to load
and it is called secondary.
 The transformer is used to
transfer electrical energy from
high voltage winding to low
voltage winding or vice-versa
through magnetic field.
 The construction of transformers
varies greatly, depending on
their applications, winding
voltage and current ratings and
operating frequencies.
 The two major types of
construction of transformers
(used in transmission and
distribution of electrical energy)
are core type and shell type.
SIMPLIFIED COSS-SECTION OF CORE TYPE
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
SIMPLIFIED CROSS-SECTION OF SHELL TYPE
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

CORE

HIGH VOLTAGE
WINDING

WINDOW AREA

CORE

LOW VOLTAGE
WINDING
TRANSFORMER CORE CHARACTERISTICS

TRANSFORMER CORE is a soft iron


core made of individual laminations to
reduce eddy current and power losses. It
requires a low loss, high quality material
for good performance. Items affecting
the core performance include: core loss,
permeability, magnetostriction, insulation
coating, strip flatness, thickness and
width variations, camber, space factor,
and physical characteristics.
Transformer core materials

Amorphous Steel: This is one of the popular options for creating magnetic
cores in transformers. These cores are made from several paper-thin metallic
tapes, which help reduce the flow of eddy currents. Amorphous steel cores
have fewer losses than other magnetic cores, and can easily operate at high
temperatures than standard lamination stacks. The amorphous steel cores are
most commonly used in high efficiency transformers that operate at medium
frequencies.

Solid Iron Core: These cores provide magnetic flux, and helps retain high
magnetic fields without iron saturation. The cores are not recommended for
transformers operating at AC applications because large eddy currents are
produced by the magnetic field. These eddy currents produce heat at high
frequencies.
Amorphous Metals: Also known as vitreous metals, these metals are glassy
or non-crystalline. These metals are used for creating high performance
transformers. The materials have low conductivity, which helps reduce eddy
currents.

Ferrite Ceramics: Ferrite ceramics are a class of ceramic compounds made


from iron oxide, and one or multiple metallic elements. The magnetic cores
made from ferrite ceramics are used in high-frequency applications. The
ceramic materials are produced in different specifications to meet diverse
electrical requirements. These ceramic materials serve as efficient insulators,
and help decrease eddy currents.

Laminated Magnetic Cores: These cores feature thin iron sheets covered
with an insulating layer. These insulators prevent eddy currents, and confine
them to narrow loops within each single lamination layer. The thinner
lamination minimizes eddy current effects.
Carbonyl Iron Cores: These magnetic cores are made from powdered carbonyl
iron, and provide stable service across a wide range of magnetic flux and
temperature levels. The carbonyl iron powder cores feature small iron spheres
coated with a thin insulating layer. These cores help reduce the effects of eddy
currents at high temperatures.

Silicon Steel: Silicon steel has high electrical resistivity. The silicon steel core
provides stable performance over the years. Silicon steel offers high saturation
flux density. A few years ago, characteristics of silicon steel was altered with
chemical changes, and today, the new product is known as AISI type M6. The
M6 steel has high permeability and low losses, and it is used in high-
performance applications.
The core is laminated to reduce
these to a minimum as they
interfere with the efficient transfer of
energy from the primary coil to the
secondary one.

Iron core of transformer is also a


closed conductor path ( like a coil),
and all the flux links with it. So it
faces alternating flux, resulting in
induced emf and current. These are
eddy currents.
Laminated core has two salient features:

1- Maximum flux get confined to the secondary from primary.


2- It limits the eddy currents, hence reduce the losses.

The transformer core is designed to prevent circulating electric currents within


the iron core itself. Circulating eddy currents cause heating and energy losses
within the core.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER CORE

1. Core Type Transformer


 In core type transformer, the magnetic core is built of
laminations to form a rectangular frame and the
windings are arranged concentrically with each other
around the legs or limbs.
 The top and bottom horizontal portion of the core are
called yoke.
 The yokes connect the two limbs and have a cross
sectional area equal to or greater than that of limbs.
 Each limb carries one half of primary and secondary.
 The two windings are closely coupled together to
reduce the leakage reactance.
 The low voltage winding is wound near the core and
high voltage winding is wound over low voltage winding
away from core in order to reduce the amount of
insulating materials required.
2. Shell Type Transformer

In shell type transformers the


windings are put around the
central limb and the flux path is
completed through two side limbs.
The central limb carries total
mutual flux while the side limbs
forming a part of a parallel
magnetic circuit carry half the total
flux.
The cross sectional area of the
central limb is twice that of each
side limbs.
COMPARISON OF CORE & SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMERS

No. CORE TYPE SHELL TYPE


1 Easy in design and construction. Comparatively complex.
2 Low mechanical strength because of High mechanical strength.
non-bracing of windings.
3 Reduction of leakage reactance is not Reduction of leakage reactance is highly
easily possible. possible.
4 Easily disassembled for repair work. Not easy to disassembled for repair work.
5 Better heat dissipation from windings. Heat is not easily dissipated from windings.

6 Has longer mean length of core and It is not suitable for Extra High Voltage (EHV)
shorter length of coil turn. It is best requirements.
suited for Extra High Voltage (EHV)
requirements.
Classification of Transformers according to uses

1. Distribution Transformer

 Transformers up to 200kVA are used to step down


distribution voltage to a standard service voltage
or from transmission voltage to distribution voltage
are known as distribution transformers.
 Distribution Transformers are kept in operation all
the 24 hours a day whether they are carrying any
load or not.
 The load on the distribution transformer varies
from time to time and the transformer will be on
no-load most of the time.
 In distribution transformer the copper loss (which
depends on load) will be more when compared to
core loss (which occurs as long as transformer is
in operation).
 Distribution transformers are designed with less
iron loss and designed to have the maximum
efficiency at a load much lesser than full load.
2. POWER TRANSFORMER

 The transformers used in sub-stations


and generating stations are called power
transformers.
 They have ratings above 200kVA. Usually
a substation will have number of
transformers working in parallel.
 During heavy load periods all the
transformers are put in operation and
during light load periods some
transformers are disconnected.
 Therefore the power transformers should
be designed to have maximum
efficiency at or near full load.
 Power transformers are
designed to have considerably
greater leakage reactance that
is permissible in distribution
transformers in order to limit
the fault current.
3. Current Transformer

 Produce a manageable level of voltage


and current, proportional to the current
flowing through its primary winding, for
the operation of measuring or protective
devices.
 Consists of a laminated steel core, a
secondary winding around the core, and
insulating material surrounding the
windings.
 When alternating current travels
through an electrical conductor, like
cable or bus, it develops a magnetic
field at right angles to the flow of
current.
 If this current is passed through
the primary winding of a CT, the
iron core inside becomes
magnetized which then
induces a voltage in the
secondary coils.
 If the secondary circuit is
closed, a current proportional to
the CT ratio will flow through
the secondary.
4. Voltage Transformer

Potential transformer or voltage


transformer used in electrical power
system for stepping down the system
voltage to a safe value which can be
fed to low rating meters and relays. It
is also used in electronic power
supply circuits.

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