c1 - Intermolecular Forces
c1 - Intermolecular Forces
c1 - Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces
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Now, we’ll see what is We have already looked at
Intermolecular forces intramolecular bonds (ionic, polar,
(IMF) all about??? non-polar)!!!!!!!
IMF have to do with the attraction
between molecules (vs. the attraction
5/13/2019 CHM474 - Topic 3 between atoms in a molecule) 6
Strong intramolecular attractions exist between H and Cl
within HCl molecules. These attractions control the chemical
properties of HCl.
Weaker intermolecular attractions exist between
neighbouring HCl molecules. Intermolecular attractions
control the physical properties of this substance.
London Dispersion
Dipole-dipole forces
forces
11.2
No lone N is smaller
pair on C than Cl
H can come
closer
Group 5
0
-50 Group 6
-100
Group 7
-150
2 3 4 5
-200
Period
Boiling points are very high for H2O, HF, and NH3 because
these are hydrogen bonds (high EN), creating large
intermolecular forces
hydrogen atom
hydrogen
bond
oxygen atom
hydrogen atom
hydrogen
bond oxygen atom
1
4
2
More H-bonds
More stable
Open & regular
hydrogen bonds
Ion-Dipole Interaction
11.2
The ease with which an external electric field can induce a dipole (alter the
electron distribution) with a molecule is referred as the "polarizability" of
that molecule ……
The greater the polarizability of a molecule the easier it is to induce a
momentary dipole and the stronger the dispersion forces …..
Larger molecules tend to have greater polarizability
Their electrons are further away from the nucleus (any asymmetric
distribution produces a larger dipole due to larger charge separation)
The number of electrons is greater (higher probability of asymmetric
distribution)
Thus, dispersion forces tend to increase with increasing molecular
mass. Dispersion forces are also present between polar/non-polar and
polar/polar molecules (i.e. between all molecules)
Dispersion forces
usually increase
with molar mass.
HBr
HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between HBr molecules.
CH4
CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.
SO2
S
pentane molecules
larger contact area 2,2-dimethylpropane molecules
smaller contact area
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Pentane (C5H12)
Boiling point
= 36.1C
RMM = 58.0,
b.p. = 56C
Dispersion forces
+
RMM = 58.0, H-bonding
b.p. = 197C
2. Which would you expect to have the higher melting point (or
boiling point): C8H18 or C4H10? Explain.
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CHM361
- Topic
- Topic
3 1 69