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Week 2 Slide 2 Encoding

This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital signals for data and computer communications. It describes different encoding schemes like NRZ-L, Manchester, and Biphase encoding and compares their pros and cons. Key aspects covered are signal levels, timing of bits, factors affecting signal interpretation, signal spectrum, clocking, error detection, and noise immunity. Scrambling techniques are also summarized which replace constant signal sequences to allow synchronization and error detection while maintaining data rate and bandwidth.

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46 views

Week 2 Slide 2 Encoding

This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital signals for data and computer communications. It describes different encoding schemes like NRZ-L, Manchester, and Biphase encoding and compares their pros and cons. Key aspects covered are signal levels, timing of bits, factors affecting signal interpretation, signal spectrum, clocking, error detection, and noise immunity. Scrambling techniques are also summarized which replace constant signal sequences to allow synchronization and error detection while maintaining data rate and bandwidth.

Uploaded by

vampzi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Computer

Communications
Signal Encoding Techniques
Digital Data, Digital Signal
 Digital signal
 discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
 each pulse is a signal element
 binary data encoded into signal elements
Some Terms
 unipolar
 polar
 data rate
 duration or length of a bit
 modulation rate
 mark and space
Interpreting Signals
 need to know
 timing of bits - when they start and end
 signal levels
 factors affecting signal interpretation
 signal to noise ratio
 data rate
 bandwidth
 encoding scheme
Comparison of Encoding
Schemes
 signal spectrum
 clocking
 error detection
 signal interference and noise immunity
 cost and complexity
Encoding Schemes
Nonreturn to Zero-Level
(NRZ-L)
 two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
 voltage constant during bit interval
 no transition I.e. no return to zero voltage
 such as absence of voltage for zero, constant
positive voltage for one
 more often, negative voltage for one value
and positive for the other
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted
 nonreturn to zero inverted on ones
 constant voltage pulse for duration of bit
 data encoded as presence or absence of signal
transition at beginning of bit time
 transition (low to high or high to low) denotes binary 1
 no transition denotes binary 0
 example of differential encoding since have
 data represented by changes rather than levels
 more reliable detection of transition rather than level
 easy to lose sense of polarity
NRZ Pros & Cons
 Pros
 easy to engineer
 make good use of bandwidth
 Cons
 dc component
 lack of synchronization capability
 used for magnetic recording
 not often used for signal transmission
Multilevel Binary
Bipolar-AMI
 Use more than two levels
 Bipolar-AMI
 zero represented by no line signal
 one represented by positive or negative pulse
 one pulses alternate in polarity
 no loss of sync if a long string of ones
 long runs of zeros still a problem
 no net dc component
 lower bandwidth
 easy error detection
Multilevel Binary
Pseudoternary
 one represented by absence of line signal
 zero represented by alternating positive
and negative
 no advantage or disadvantage over
bipolar-AMI
 each used in some applications
Multilevel Binary Issues
 synchronization with long runs of 0’s or 1’s
 can insert additional bits, cf ISDN
 scramble data (later)
 not as efficient as NRZ
 each signal element only represents one bit
• receiver distinguishes between three levels: +A, -A, 0
 a 3 level system could represent log23 = 1.58 bits
 requires approx. 3dB more signal power for same
probability of bit error
Manchester Encoding
 has transition in middle of each bit period
 transition serves as clock and data
 low to high represents one
 high to low represents zero
 used by IEEE 802.
Differential Manchester
Encoding
 midbit transition is clocking only
 transition at start of bit period representing 0
 no transition at start of bit period representing 1
 this is a differential encoding scheme
 used by IEEE 802.5
Biphase Pros and Cons
 Con
 at least one transition per bit time and possibly two
 maximum modulation rate is twice NRZ
 requires more bandwidth
 Pros
 synchronization on mid bit transition (self clocking)
 has no dc component
 has error detection
Modulation Rate
Scrambling
 use scrambling to replace sequences that would
produce constant voltage
 these filling sequences must
 produce enough transitions to sync
 be recognized by receiver & replaced with original
 be same length as original
 design goals
 have no dc component
 have no long sequences of zero level line signal
 have no reduction in data rate
 give error detection capability
B8ZS and HDB3

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