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    Week 2 Slide 2 Encoding

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    vampzi
    This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital signals for data and computer communications. It describes different encoding schemes like NRZ-L, Manchester, and Biphase encoding and compares their pros and cons. Key aspects covered are signal levels, timing of bits, factors affecting signal interpretation, signal spectrum, clocking, error detection, and noise immunity. Scrambling techniques are also summarized which replace constant signal sequences to allow synchronization and error detection while maintaining data rate and bandwidth.

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    Week 2 Slide 2 Encoding

    Uploaded by

    vampzi
    25 views19 pages
    This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital signals for data and computer communications. It describes different encoding schemes like NRZ-L, Manchester, and Biphase encoding and compares their pros and cons. Key aspects covered are signal levels, timing of bits, factors affecting signal interpretation, signal spectrum, clocking, error detection, and noise immunity. Scrambling techniques are also summarized which replace constant signal sequences to allow synchronization and error detection while maintaining data rate and bandwidth.

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    This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital signals for data and computer communications. It describes different encoding schemes like NRZ-L, Manchester, and Biphase encoding and compares their pros and cons. Key aspects covered are signal levels, timing of bits, factors affecting signal interpretation, signal spectrum, clocking, error detection, and noise immunity. Scrambling techniques are also summarized which replace constant signal sequences to allow synchronization and error detection while maintaining data rate and bandwidth.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    25 views19 pages

    Week 2 Slide 2 Encoding

    Uploaded by

    vampzi
    This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital signals for data and computer communications. It describes different encoding schemes like NRZ-L, Manchester, and Biphase encoding and compares their pros and cons. Key aspects covered are signal levels, timing of bits, factors affecting signal interpretation, signal spectrum, clocking, error detection, and noise immunity. Scrambling techniques are also summarized which replace constant signal sequences to allow synchronization and error detection while maintaining data rate and bandwidth.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Data and Computer

    Communications
    Signal Encoding Techniques
    Digital Data, Digital Signal
     Digital signal
     discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
     each pulse is a signal element
     binary data encoded into signal elements
    Some Terms
     unipolar
     polar
     data rate
     duration or length of a bit
     modulation rate
     mark and space
    Interpreting Signals
     need to know
     timing of bits - when they start and end
     signal levels
     factors affecting signal interpretation
     signal to noise ratio
     data rate
     bandwidth
     encoding scheme
    Comparison of Encoding
    Schemes
     signal spectrum
     clocking
     error detection
     signal interference and noise immunity
     cost and complexity
    Encoding Schemes
    Nonreturn to Zero-Level
    (NRZ-L)
     two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
     voltage constant during bit interval
     no transition I.e. no return to zero voltage
     such as absence of voltage for zero, constant
    positive voltage for one
     more often, negative voltage for one value
    and positive for the other
    Nonreturn to Zero Inverted
     nonreturn to zero inverted on ones
     constant voltage pulse for duration of bit
     data encoded as presence or absence of signal
    transition at beginning of bit time
     transition (low to high or high to low) denotes binary 1
     no transition denotes binary 0
     example of differential encoding since have
     data represented by changes rather than levels
     more reliable detection of transition rather than level
     easy to lose sense of polarity
    NRZ Pros & Cons
     Pros
     easy to engineer
     make good use of bandwidth
     Cons
     dc component
     lack of synchronization capability
     used for magnetic recording
     not often used for signal transmission
    Multilevel Binary
    Bipolar-AMI
     Use more than two levels
     Bipolar-AMI
     zero represented by no line signal
     one represented by positive or negative pulse
     one pulses alternate in polarity
     no loss of sync if a long string of ones
     long runs of zeros still a problem
     no net dc component
     lower bandwidth
     easy error detection
    Multilevel Binary
    Pseudoternary
     one represented by absence of line signal
     zero represented by alternating positive
    and negative
     no advantage or disadvantage over
    bipolar-AMI
     each used in some applications
    Multilevel Binary Issues
     synchronization with long runs of 0’s or 1’s
     can insert additional bits, cf ISDN
     scramble data (later)
     not as efficient as NRZ
     each signal element only represents one bit
    • receiver distinguishes between three levels: +A, -A, 0
     a 3 level system could represent log23 = 1.58 bits
     requires approx. 3dB more signal power for same
    probability of bit error
    Manchester Encoding
     has transition in middle of each bit period
     transition serves as clock and data
     low to high represents one
     high to low represents zero
     used by IEEE 802.
    Differential Manchester
    Encoding
     midbit transition is clocking only
     transition at start of bit period representing 0
     no transition at start of bit period representing 1
     this is a differential encoding scheme
     used by IEEE 802.5
    Biphase Pros and Cons
     Con
     at least one transition per bit time and possibly two
     maximum modulation rate is twice NRZ
     requires more bandwidth
     Pros
     synchronization on mid bit transition (self clocking)
     has no dc component
     has error detection
    Modulation Rate
    Scrambling
     use scrambling to replace sequences that would
    produce constant voltage
     these filling sequences must
     produce enough transitions to sync
     be recognized by receiver & replaced with original
     be same length as original
     design goals
     have no dc component
     have no long sequences of zero level line signal
     have no reduction in data rate
     give error detection capability
    B8ZS and HDB3

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