Visualization in R

Visualization in R
 Base Graphics
 ggplot2()
Visualization: Base
Graphics
 Data Visualization: Base Graphics
 plot(): Bivariate relationships and continuous variable across
groups
 Doing Univariate analysis: hist(), boxplot()
 Making more than 1 plot using mfrow()
Base Graphics: plot()
 Plot
The package used for Base Graphics in R is “graphics”

• The plot function can be used for plotting

• numeric variables
• character and factor variables
• Scatter plots
• Entire dataset
 Plot : scatter plot

• type :
• the type of plot
• Some of the types are :
• p=point
• l=line
• b= point and line
 Plot : pch

• pch :
• Used for plotting
symbols
• Values = 0:18
Studying Univariates()
cex

Box and whiskers plot

• Boxplots are useful for

studying the distribution of a
variable
• Also useful for detecting
outliers
cex

Box and whiskers plot

Plot : Factor variables
 Plot : Entire Dataframe

plot function on the entire

dataset generates pairwise
displays
cex

par()

• par() function is useful for setting additional graphics parameters

• Some of the parameters this function has are :
• mfrow
• cex.main
• cex.lab

To know the entire list of grahics parameters in par that can be altered :
?par
cex

par(): multi-plotting

mfrow() :
It controls the number of rows and
columns, allowing you to put
multiple plots on a page
cex

Histograms

Histograms give the frequency

distribution of a variable.
hist() function is used
breaks : The number of bins
label : Labels the frequency of
each bin
xlim : sets the range for x-axis
cex

Histogram : freq

freq :
• freq=TRUE(default) means
frequency distribution
• freq=FALSE means
probability density
cex

Histogram : adding density lines

Visualization: ggplot2()
 Visualization: ggplot2()
 ggplot2(): What and Why
 ggplot2(): Architecture : Understanding Grammar of Graphics
 ggplot2(): Common plots
 Visualization: ggplot2()
 Base graphics: Good for simple tasks
 Comparatively difficult syntax
 Based on grammar of graphics: Simple syntax, interfaces with
ggmap and other packages
Grammar of Graphics
 Visualization: ggplot2()
 “Grammar of graphics”
 A plot composed of : Aesthetic Mapping, Geoms, Statistical
Transformations, Coordinate Systems and Scales

Components Description
Aesthetic Mapping What component of data appears on X axis, Y axis, how is the color, size, fill
and position of elements is related with the data
Geoms (Geometrical Objects) What geometrical objects appear on the plot: points, lines, polygons, area,
boxplot, rectangle, tile etc
Statistical Transformations Compute density, counts, (Histogram: Need to bin and count data)
Scales and Coordinate System Discreet scale or Continous. Cartesian or Spherical.
 Visualization: ggplot2()
temp dewpoint season
12 30 Autumn
34 28 Spring
… … Summer
0 0 Winter
… … ….

 Based on “grammar of graphics”

 Components: Aesthetics, Geoms and Statistical
Transformations
 Visualization: ggplot2()

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings: X=temp,
y=dewpoint
Colour: Seasons

 Based on “grammar of graphics”

 Components: Aesthetics, Geoms and Statistical
Transformations
 Visualization: ggplot2()

Geoms:
Points (Scatter plot)
Bars, Lines, Polygons, Area,
Density, Boxplots….

 Based on “grammar of graphics”

 Components: Aesthetics, Geoms and Statistical
Transformations
 Visualization: ggplot2()

Statistical Transformation
Identity (none)

 Based on “grammar of graphics”

 Components: Aesthetics, Geoms and Statistical
Transformations
 Visualization: ggplot2()
Geoms:
Density

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=temp,
Y= density
Fill: Seasons

Statistical Transformation:
Density computation
 Based on “grammar of graphics”
 Components: Aesthetics, Geoms and Statistical
Transformations
 Visualization: ggplot2()
Geoms:
?

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=?,
Y= ?
Fill: ?

Statistical Transformation:
?
 Based on “grammar of graphics”
 Components: Aesthetics, Geoms and Statistical
Transformations
 Visualization: ggplot2()
Geoms:
Bar

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=temp
Y= Counts
Fill: Pink

Statistical Transformation:
Counts in binned data
 Based on “grammar of graphics”
 Components: Aesthetics, Geoms and Statistical
Transformations
 Visualization: ggplot2()
Geoms:
?

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=?,
Y= ?
Fill: ?

Statistical Transformation:
?
Position:?
 Based on “grammar of graphics”
 Components: Aesthetics, Geoms and Statistical
Transformations
 Visualization: ggplot2()
Geoms:
Bars

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=temp
Y= Counts
Fill: seasons

Statistical Transformation:
Count
Position: Bars arranged side
 Based on “grammar of graphics” by side (Dodged)

 Components: Aesthetics, Geoms and Statistical

Transformations
 Visualization: ggplot2()
 How to code the grammar?
 Setting up aesthetic maps:

 ggplot(data,aes(x=variable to be mapped to x
axis,y=variable to be mapped to y axis,colour=variable
by which colour should change))
 Visualization: ggplot2()
 How to code the grammar?
 Adding layer with geom:

 p+geom_type of geometry(stat=“statistical
transformation on data”)
Visualization: ggplot2()
 Visualization: ggplot2()
Geom Default Stat Default Aesthetics
geom_point “identity” colour,fill,shape,size,x,y
geom_histogram “bin” colour,fill,linetype,size,weight,x
geom_density “density” colour,fill,linetype,size,weight,x,y
geom_polygon “identity” colour,fill,linetype,size,x,y
geom_line “identity” colour, linetype, size, x, y
geom_tile “identity” colour, fill, linetype, size, x, y
geom_boxplot “boxplot” colour, fill, lower, middle, size, upper, weight, x,
ymax, ymin
*Items in bold are required, others are optional and have default values or are computed by a default stat
transform
Creating Common Plots
 Visualization: ggplot2()
• Direct Marketing dataset with information demographic information such as age, location, income
level; and information on the amount of money spent by the individual
• Following are the variables:
• Age
• Gender
• Own Home
• Married
• Location
• Salary
• Children
• History
• Catalogs
• Amount Spent
 Visualization: ggplot2()
• Bivariate Relationship: Scatter plot
Geoms:
Point: geom_point()

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=X variable
Y= Y Variables
Fill, Color, Size…optional

Statistical Transformation
Identity (No change)
 Visualization: ggplot2()
• Understanding univarites : Histograms
Geoms:
Bars: geom_histogram()

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=X variable
Y= Count of data in Bins
Fill, Colour, …optional

Statistical Transformation
bins (Binned count of
observations, to be shown on Y
axis)
 Visualization: ggplot2()
• Understanding univarites : Box and Whiskers

Geoms:
Boxplot: geom_boxplot()

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=X variable (A factor variable)
Y=The variable whose mapping we
are interested in, Boxplot statistics :
lower, middle, upper, ymax, ymin
Colour, fill
Statistical Transformation
Boxplot statistics (To be shown on Y
axis)
 Visualization: ggplot2()
• Understanding univariates : Density plots

Geoms:
geom_density()

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=Variable whose density we are
interested in.
Y=Density measurements
Colour, fill…..
Statistical Transformation
Density (To be shown on Y axis)
 Visualization: ggplot2()
• Understanding univariates : Density plots

Geoms:
geom_density()

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X=Variable whose density we are
interested in.
Y=Density measurements
Colour, fill…..
Statistical Transformation
Density (To be shown on Y axis)
 Visualization: ggplot2()
• Understanding bivariate counts : 2 d bivariate plots, 2d
heatmaps

Geoms:
geom_bin2d()

Aesthetics:
Axis Mappings:
X= X variable
Y= Y variable
Colour, fill…..
Statistical Transformation
2 d density