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4 White Box Testing

This document discusses white box testing techniques. It defines white box testing as testing software using knowledge of its internal structure and source code. It covers various white box testing techniques like statement coverage, branch coverage, path coverage, mutation testing and how to calculate cyclomatic complexity. The advantages are that it allows testing to start earlier and be more thorough. The disadvantages are it requires highly skilled resources and test scripts can be difficult to maintain if the code changes frequently.

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shreya yadav
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96 views31 pages

4 White Box Testing

This document discusses white box testing techniques. It defines white box testing as testing software using knowledge of its internal structure and source code. It covers various white box testing techniques like statement coverage, branch coverage, path coverage, mutation testing and how to calculate cyclomatic complexity. The advantages are that it allows testing to start earlier and be more thorough. The disadvantages are it requires highly skilled resources and test scripts can be difficult to maintain if the code changes frequently.

Uploaded by

shreya yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

White Box Testing

Prepared By – Rajesh Popli & Sachin Jain


Agenda

• White box testing – Definition


• White box testing – Need
• Statement coverage
• Branch/Decision coverage
• Path coverage
• Mutation testing
• Advantages
• Disadvantages

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What is White Box Testing?
• White Box Testing is a software testing technique
whereby explicit knowledge of the internal
workings of the item being tested are used to
select the test data.

• White Box Testing is testing the software at the


level of source code.

• Testing based on an analysis of the internal


structure of the component or
system. (ISTQB)
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White Box - Need
• White box testing is the initial stage testing before
black box
• Some category of bugs can be revealed by only
white box testing
• Error come from design phase will be reflected in
code and white box testing helps to detect these
error before they go to next phase
• Some typographical errors are not observed and
go undetected during black box testing

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White Box Testing - Focus

• Not the design, nor the implementation

• Focus is on the logic of implementation

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Black Box Vs. White Box Testing

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What are my other names?

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What are my other names?

• Structural Testing

• Clear Box Testing

• Open Box Testing

• Glass box Testing

• Transparent Box Testing

• Code-Based Testing

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Diff Types of White Box Testing

• Statement Coverage
• Branch/Decision Coverage
• Path Coverage
• Mutation testing

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Statement Coverage

• Statement coverage is a simple metric to calculate & measure the number of


statements in a method or class which have been executed.
• Its key benefit is its ability to identify which blocks of code have not been
executed.
• The Disadvantage is that it cannot test the False conditions.

• Example:
READ P, Q
IF P+Q > 100 THEN
PRINT 'LARGE'
END IF
IF P>50
PRINT 'P Is Greater'
END IF

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Statement Coverage ..contd

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Statement coverage …contd
• P=60, Q=45
• P+Q=105, P>60
• Statement Coverage=(7/7)*100=100 %
• We need just 1 TC for 100% Statement Coverage

• P=45, Q=60
• P+Q=105, P<60
• Statement Coverage=(6/7)*100=86 % (approx)

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Branch/Decision Coverage
• It is an outcome of a decision, & measures the no
of decision outcomes or branches, which have
been tested.

• More in-depth view of the source code compared


to Statement Coverage.

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Branch/Decision Coverage …contd

• Example:
READ P, Q
IF P+Q > 100 THEN
PRINT 'LARGE'
END IF
IF P>50
PRINT 'P Is Greater'
END IF

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Branch/Decision Coverage contd…

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Branch/Decision Coverage contd…
• P=60, Q=45
• P+Q=105, P>60
• First branch is covered

• P=40, Q=50
• P+Q=90 and not > 100, P not > 50
• Second branch is also covered

• So, we need 2 Test cases to cover all branches in


the code.
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Path Coverage

• Path Coverage ensures that we test all decision


outcomes independently of one another.

• In Path Coverage flow of execution takes place


from the start of a method to its exit.

• It is a method of testing which satisfies the


coverage criteria through which the program is
tested across each logical path.

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Path Coverage contd…

• Example:
READ P, Q
IF P+Q > 100 THEN
PRINT 'LARGE'
END IF
IF P>50
PRINT 'P Is Greater'
END IF

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Path Coverage contd…

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Path Coverage contd…

Test case1:
• P=60, Q=45
• P+Q=105>100 & P>50

Test Case2:
• P=40, Q=70
• P+Q>100 but P<50

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Path Coverage contd…

Test Case3:
• P=60, Q=30
• P+Q<100 but P>50

Test Case4:
• P=40, Q=50
• P+Q=90<100 & P<50

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Path Coverage - Cyclomatic Complexity

• Software metric used to measure the complexity


of software
• Developed by Thomas McCabe
• A number of industry studies have indicated that
the higher cyclomatic complexity, higher the
probability of errors

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Cyclomatic Complexity - How to calculate

• number of decisions points + 1

• number of enclosed areas + 1

• Edge-Node+2

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Mutation Testing

• Involves running slightly corrupted versions of


target program through existing test suite to see if
any test cases flag the variations as defects
• Involves modifying a program's source code
or byte code in small ways
• Evaluates the quality of software tests
• A test suite that does not detect and reject the
mutated code is considered defective

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Mutation Testing – Benefits

• Evaluates the quality of software tests


• Helps the tester develop effective tests or locate
weaknesses in the test data
• It answers following questions:
• How do you know that you can trust your unit tests?
• How do you know that they’re really telling you the truth?
• If they don't find a bug, does that really mean that there aren't any?
• What if you could test your tests?

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Mutation Testing – How to apply

• Done by selecting a set of mutation operators and


then applying them to the source program one at
a time for each applicable piece of the source code
• Result of applying one mutation operator to the
program is called a mutant
• If the test suite is able to detect the change (i.e.
one of the tests fails), then the mutant is said to
be killed.

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Mutation Testing – Example

• Given
if (a && b) {
c = 1;
} else {
c = 0;
}

• Condition mutation operator would replace && with || and


produce the mutant
if (a || b) {
c = 1;
} else {
c = 0;
}

• A test with test data a = 1 and b = 0 will kill this mutant

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Mutation Testing – Mutation Operators

• Statement deletion.
• Replace each boolean subexpression with true and false.
• Replace each arithmetic operation with another one, e.g. + with *, -
and /.
• Replace each boolean relation with another one,
e.g. > with >=, == and <=.
• Replace each variable with another variable declared in the same
scope (variable types should be the same).

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White Box Testing - Advantages

• Testing can be commenced at an earlier stage. One


need not wait for the GUI to be available.

• Testing is more thorough, with the possibility of


covering more paths.

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White Box Testing - Disadvantages

• Since tests can be very complex, highly skilled


resources are required, with thorough knowledge
of programming and implementation.

• Test script maintenance can be a burden if the


implementation changes too frequently.

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Thank You
www.nagarro.com

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