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    Projection Problem

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    Shafira Adhelia
    The document discusses presupposition and entailment. It provides examples to illustrate how presuppositions, which are assumptions made before an utterance, do not always carry through or "project" to more complex sentences. Specifically, entailments, which are logical consequences of an assertion, can cancel out or destroy presuppositions. This is shown through examples where a presupposition is made but then an entailment is introduced that negates the presupposition. The key point is that entailments are more powerful than presuppositions and can override them.

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    Projection Problem

    Uploaded by

    Shafira Adhelia
    18 views7 pages
    The document discusses presupposition and entailment. It provides examples to illustrate how presuppositions, which are assumptions made before an utterance, do not always carry through or "project" to more complex sentences. Specifically, entailments, which are logical consequences of an assertion, can cancel out or destroy presuppositions. This is shown through examples where a presupposition is made but then an entailment is introduced that negates the presupposition. The key point is that entailments are more powerful than presuppositions and can override them.

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    PROJECTION PROBLEM.pptx

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    The document discusses presupposition and entailment. It provides examples to illustrate how presuppositions, which are assumptions made before an utterance, do not always carry through or "project" to more complex sentences. Specifically, entailments, which are logical consequences of an assertion, can cancel out or destroy presuppositions. This is shown through examples where a presupposition is made but then an entailment is introduced that negates the presupposition. The key point is that entailments are more powerful than presuppositions and can override them.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views7 pages

    Projection Problem

    Uploaded by

    Shafira Adhelia
    The document discusses presupposition and entailment. It provides examples to illustrate how presuppositions, which are assumptions made before an utterance, do not always carry through or "project" to more complex sentences. Specifically, entailments, which are logical consequences of an assertion, can cancel out or destroy presuppositions. This is shown through examples where a presupposition is made but then an entailment is introduced that negates the presupposition. The key point is that entailments are more powerful than presuppositions and can override them.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Presupposition

    and entailment
    Presented by :
     Musyarofah Noviyani (1420302159/E)
    Hana Suci Anggraeni (1420302175/E)
    Shafira Adhelia (1420302179/E)
    The Projection
    Problem
    The meaning of some presuppositions (as “parts”) doesn’t survive to
    become the meaning of some complex sentences (as “wholes”).
    The
    example
    1. a. Nobody realized that Kelly was ill. (=p)
    b. Kelly was ill. (=q)
    c. p >> q ( At this point, the speaker uttering (1a) presupposes (1b)
    d. I imagined that Kelly was ill. (=r)
    e. Kelly was not ill. (=NOT q)
    f. r >> NOT q ( At this point, the speaker uttering (1d) presupposes (1e), the opposite of (1b)
    g. I imagined that Kelly was ill and nobody realized that she was ill. (=r&p)
    h. r&p >> NOT q ( At this point, after combining r & p, the presupposition q can no
    longer be assumed to be true.)
    Shirley : It’s so sad. George regrets getting Marry
    pregnant.

    “
    Jean : But he didn’t get her pregnant. We know that
    now.
    2. a. George regrets getting Marry pregnant. (=p)
    b. George got Marry pregnant. (=q)
    c. p >>q
    d. He didn’t get her pregnant. (=r)
    e. George regrets getting Marry pregnant, but he didn’t get her
    pregnant. (=p & r)
    f. p & r >> NOT q
    A simple explanation for the fact that presuppositions don’t
    “project” is that they are destroyed by entailments. Remember, an entailment
    is something that necessarily follows from what is asserted. In previous
    example, Jean’s utterance of “he didn’t get her pregnant” actually entails
    “George didn’t get Mary pregnant” as a logical consequence.
    Thus, when someone tells you that “George regrets getting Marry
    pregnant, but he didn’t get her pregnant”, you have a presupposition q and an
    entailment NOT q. In this case, we can infer that George thought he was the
    father of Marry’s baby, but, in fact, he was not.
    The entailment ( a necessary consequence of what is said) is
    simply more powerful than the presupposition ( an earlier
    assumption). In the example below, the power of entailment can also
    be used to cancel existential presuppositions .
     The King of Brazil visited us.
     The king of Brazil does not exist.
    Thanks!! ❤
    Any questions?

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