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    Biosphere

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    Jaicel Claudette
    The document discusses key concepts in ecology including: 1) Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. The biosphere encompasses all life on Earth and its surrounding air and water. 2) Matter and energy flow through ecosystems in food chains and webs with producers, primary consumers, and higher level consumers. Energy and biomass decrease at each trophic level. 3) Important biogeochemical cycles include water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus which recycle essential elements and compounds through abiotic and biotic processes within and between ecosystems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Biosphere

    Uploaded by

    Jaicel Claudette
    262 views29 pages
    The document discusses key concepts in ecology including: 1) Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. The biosphere encompasses all life on Earth and its surrounding air and water. 2) Matter and energy flow through ecosystems in food chains and webs with producers, primary consumers, and higher level consumers. Energy and biomass decrease at each trophic level. 3) Important biogeochemical cycles include water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus which recycle essential elements and compounds through abiotic and biotic processes within and between ecosystems.

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    The document discusses key concepts in ecology including: 1) Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. The biosphere encompasses all life on Earth and its surrounding air and water. 2) Matter and energy flow through ecosystems in food chains and webs with producers, primary consumers, and higher level consumers. Energy and biomass decrease at each trophic level. 3) Important biogeochemical cycles include water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus which recycle essential elements and compounds through abiotic and biotic processes within and between ecosystems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    262 views29 pages

    Biosphere

    Uploaded by

    Jaicel Claudette
    The document discusses key concepts in ecology including: 1) Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. The biosphere encompasses all life on Earth and its surrounding air and water. 2) Matter and energy flow through ecosystems in food chains and webs with producers, primary consumers, and higher level consumers. Energy and biomass decrease at each trophic level. 3) Important biogeochemical cycles include water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus which recycle essential elements and compounds through abiotic and biotic processes within and between ecosystems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    The Biosphere!

    3-1 What is Ecology?


    Study of the interaction among organisms
    and between organisms and their
    environment

    Coined by Earnest Haeckel in 1866

    Biosphere:
    planet, life, water, land, air and part of the
    atmosphere
    Levels of Organization
    Study of the interactions between a
    particular organization and its
    surroundings.
    Species
    Population
    Community
    Ecosystem
    Biome
    Biosphere
    Levels of Organization
    Species
    Group of organisms so similar that they
    can breed and produce fertile offspring.

    Population
    Groups of individuals that belong to the
    same species living in the same area.
    Levels of Organization
    Community
    Groups of different populations within a
    defined area.

    Ecosystem
    Collection of organisms that live in a
    particular place with nonliving; or physical
    environment.
    Levels of Organization
    Biome
    Group of ecosystems that have the same
    climate and similar dominant communities.

    Biosphere
    The earth
    Ecological Methods of Study
    Tools and techniques for studying the
    living world.
    Observing

    Experimenting

    Modeling
    3-2 Energy Flow
    Producers:
    Sunlight is the main source of energy for
    life
    It is the ultimate producer

    Autotrophs
    Energy Flow
    Autotrophs:
    Photosynthesis

    Chemosynthesis
    Without the presence of light this process is
    used to release energy from inorganic
    molecules
    Energy Flow
    Consumers:
    Heterotrophs
    Herbivores
    Carnivores
    Omnivores
    Detritivores
    Decomposers
    Feeding Relationships
    Energy flows through an ecosystem in
    one direction:
    From sun or inorganic compounds
    To autotrophs
    Then to various heterotrouphs
    Feeding Relationships
    Relationships between producers and
    consumers is based on who eats whom
    Food Chains
    Food Webs
    Trophic Levels
    Food Chains
    Transfer of energy by eating and being
    eaten.
    Example
    Algae Zooplankton Small fish
    Squid Sharks

    Pg. 69 in book
    Food Web Quaternary,
    tertiary,
    and secondary
    consumers

    A network of Tertiary
    and

    interconnecting Secondary
    consumers

    food chains. Secondary


    and

    Primary
    consumers

    Primary
    consumers.

    Producers
    (plants)
    Food Web
    Figure 3-8
    Trophic Level Trophic level

    Quaternary
    conusumers

    Each step in a food Hawk Killer whale

    chain or food web Tertiary


    consumers

    Snake Tuna

    Secondary
    consumers

    Mouse Herring

    Primary
    consumers

    Grasshopper Zooplankton

    Producers

    Plant Phytoplankton
    A terrestrial food chain A aquatic food chain
    Ecological Pyramids
    Diagram that shows the relative
    amounts of energy or matter within
    each trophic level

    3 Types:
    Energy Pyramid
    Biomass Pyramid
    Pyramid of Numbers
    Energy Pyramid
    0.1% Third Level
    Shows the Consumers

    relative amount 1% Second


    of energy Level
    available at each Consumers

    trophic level. 10% First


    Organisms use Level
    about 10 percent Consumers
    of this energy for 100% Producers
    life processes.
    The rest is lost as
    heat.
    Biomass Pyramid
    Amount of
    living organic 50g of Human
    Tissue
    matter in each
    trophic level. 500g of
    chicken

    5000g of Grain
    Pyramid of Numbers
    Shows the 1 Hawk
    relative number
    5 Snakes
    of individual
    organisms at 50
    Rabbits
    each trophic and Mice
    level.
    5000 Flowers and
    Grasses
    3-3 Cycles of Matter
    Matter is recycled within and between
    ecosystems
    Biogeochemical Cycle:
    Elements, chemical compounds and other
    forms of matter are passed from one
    organization to another and from one part
    of the biosphere to another
    The Water Cycle
    Evaporation:
    Liquid to atmospheric gas

    Transpiration:
    Evaporation from leaves; from liquid water
    to water gas
    The Water Cycle

    Condensation
    Precipitation

    Evaporation Transpiration
    Runoff

    Seepage

    Root
    Uptake
    Nutrient Cycles
    Carbon Cycle

    Nitrogen Cycle

    Phosphorus Cycle
    Carbon Cycle
    Carbon plays a major role in live.
    4 major processes to move carbon
    through this cycle:
    Biological Processes
    Geochemical processes
    Mixed biogeochemical processes
    Human activities
    Carbon Cycle
    CO2 in atmosphere

    Photosynthesis

    Cellular
    respiration

    Burning of
    fossil fuels
    and wood
    Higher-level
    Primary consumers
    consumers
    Carbon compounds Detritus
    in water

    Decomposition
    Nitrogen Cycle
    All organisms require nitrogen to make
    amino acids which are the building
    blocks for proteins.

    Nitrogen fixation:
    Bacteria convert ammonia to nitrates and
    nitrites.
    Phosphorus Cycle
    It is essential to living organisms
    because it forms part of DNA and RNA.

    Released as rocks and sediments


    break down.
    Nutrient Limitations
    Factors that controls the primary
    productivity of an ecosystem is the
    amount of available nutrients.

    Limiting Nutrient: a single nutrient that


    is scarce or cycles very slowly

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