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Introduction To MATLAB: Prepared By: Mahendra Shukla

This document provides an introduction to MATLAB. It discusses that MATLAB is a high-level language for technical computing where everything is a matrix to make linear algebra easy. It describes the MATLAB system including the development environment, function library, language, and application programming. It then covers various MATLAB concepts such as variables, matrices, vectors, plotting, and functions.

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Pratyush Gupta
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60 views

Introduction To MATLAB: Prepared By: Mahendra Shukla

This document provides an introduction to MATLAB. It discusses that MATLAB is a high-level language for technical computing where everything is a matrix to make linear algebra easy. It describes the MATLAB system including the development environment, function library, language, and application programming. It then covers various MATLAB concepts such as variables, matrices, vectors, plotting, and functions.

Uploaded by

Pratyush Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to MATLAB

Prepared by: Mahendra Shukla


What is MATLAB

 High level language for technical computing


 Stands for MATrix LABoratory

 Everything is a matrix - easy to do linear algebra


The MATLAB System

 Development Environment

 Mathematical Function Library

 MATLAB language

 Application Programming Language


Matlab Screen
 Command Window
 type commands

 Current Directory
 View folders and m-files

 Workspace
 View program variables
 Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor

 Command History
 view past commands
 save a whole session
using diary
Variables
 No need for types. i.e.,

int a;
double b;
float c;
 All variables are created with double precision unless
specified and they are matrices.
Example:
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;

 After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices


with double precision
Matrices & Vectors

 All (almost) entities in MATLAB are matrices


 Easy to define:

 Use ‘,’ or ‘ ’ to separate row elements -- use ‘;’ to separate rows

>> A = [16 3; 5 10]


A = 16 3
5 10
Matrices & Vectors - II

 Order of Matrix - mn


 m=no. of rows, n=no. of columns

 Vectors - special case


n=1 column vector


 m=1 row vector


Creating Vectors and Matrices
 Define >> A = [16 3; 5 10]
A = 16 3
5 10
>> B = [3 4 5
6 7 8]
 Transpose B = 3 4 5
6 7 8

Matrix:
Vector : >> A=[1 2; 3 4];
>> a=[1 2 3]; >> A'
>> a' ans =
1 1 3
2 2 4
3
Creating Vectors

Create vector with equally spaced intervals


>> x=0:0.5:pi
x =
0 0.5000 1.0000 1.5000 2.0000 2.5000 3.0000

Create vector with n equally spaced intervals


>> x=linspace(0, pi, 7)
x =
0 0.5236 1.0472 1.5708 2.0944 2.6180 3.1416

Equal spaced intervals in logarithm space


>> x=logspace(1,2,7)
x =
10.0000 14.6780 21.5443 … 68.1292 100.0000

Note: MATLAB uses pi to represent , uses i or j to represent imaginary


unit
Variables — Scalars, Vectors,
and Matrices
 Real scalar >> x = 5
 Complex scalar >> x = 5+10j (or >> x = 5+10i)
 Row vector >> x = [1 2 3] (or x = [1, 2, 3])
 Column vector >> x = [1; 2; 3]
 3 × 3matrix >> x = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]

 Caution (Complex elements of a matrix should not be typed


with spaces, i.e., ‘-1+2j’ is fine as a matrix element, ‘-1 + 2j’
is not. Also, ‘-1+2j’ is interpreted correctly whereas ‘-1+j2’ is
not)
 Complex scalar >> x = 3+4j
 Real part of x >> real(x) ⇒ 3
 Imaginary part of x >> imag(x) ⇒ 4
 Magnitude of x >> abs(x) ⇒ 5
 Angle of x >> angle(x) ⇒ 0.9273
 Complex conjugate of x >> conj(x) ⇒ 3 - 4i
Creating Matrices

 zeros(m, n): matrix with all zeros


 ones(m, n): matrix with all ones.
 eye(m, n): the identity matrix
 rand(m, n): uniformly distributed
random
 randn(m, n): normally distributed
random
 magic(m): square matrix whose
elements have the same sum, along
the row, column and diagonal.
Concatenation of Matrices
 x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]

A = [ x y]

1 2 4 5

B = [x ; y]

1 2
4 5
Matrix operations

 ^: exponentiation
 *: multiplication
 /: division
 \: left division. The operation A\B is
effectively the same as INV(A)*B,
although left division is calculated
differently and is much quicker.
 +: addition
 -: subtraction
Array Operations
 Evaluated element by element
.' : array transpose (non-conjugated transpose)
.^ : array power
.* : array multiplication
./ : array division

 Very different from Matrix operations

>> A=[1 2;3 4]; But:


>> B=[5 6;7 8]; >> A.*B
>> A*B 5 12
19 22 21 32
43 50
Some Built-in functions

 mean(A):mean value of a vector


 max(A), min (A): maximum and minimum.
 sum(A): summation.
 sort(A): sorted vector
 median(A): median value
 std(A): standard deviation.
 det(A) : determinant of a square matrix
 dot(a,b): dot product of two vectors
 Cross(a,b): cross product of two vectors
 Inv(A): Inverse of a matrix A
Adding Elements to a Vector or a Matrix

>> A=1:3 >> C=[1 2; 3 4]


A= C=
1 2 3 1 2
>> A(4:6)=5:2:9 3 4
A= >> C(3,:)=[5 6];
1 2 3 5 7 9 C=
1 2
>> B=1:2 3 4
B= 5 6
1 2
>> B(5)=7; >> D=linspace(4,12,3);
B= >> E=[C D’]
1 2 0 0 7 E=
1 2 4
3 4 8
5 6 12
Operators (relational, logical)
 == Equal to
 ~= Not equal to
 < Strictly smaller
 > Strictly greater
 <= Smaller than or equal to
 >= Greater than equal to
 & And operator
 | Or operator
Flow Control
 if
 for
 while
 break
 ….
Graphics - 2D Plots

plot(xdata, ydata,
‘marker_style’);
For example: Gives:

>> x=-5:0.1:5;
>> sqr=x.^2;
>> pl1=plot(x, sqr, 'r:s');
Graphics - Overlay Plots

Use hold on for overlaying graphs


So the following: Gives:

>> hold on;


>> cub=x.^3;
>> pl2=plot(x, cub,'b:o')
Graphics - Annotation

Use title, xlabel, ylabel and legend


for annotation

>> title('Demo plot');


>> xlabel('X Axis');
>> ylabel('Y Axis');
>> legend([pl1, pl2], 'x^2', 'x^3');
Graphics - Annotation
Graphics-Stem()

 stem()is to plot discrete sequence data


 The usage of stem() is very similar to plot()

cos(n/4)
1

>> n=-10:10;
>> f=stem(n,cos(n*pi/4)) 0.5
>> title('cos(n\pi/4)')
>> xlabel('n') 0

-0.5

-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
n
subplots

 Use subplots to divide a plotting window into several panes.

Cosine Sine
1 1

>> x=0:0.1:10; 0.8 0.8

>> f=figure; 0.6 0.6

>> f1=subplot(1,2,1); 0.4 0.4

>> plot(x,cos(x),'r'); 0.2 0.2

>> grid on; 0 0


>> title('Cosine')
-0.2 -0.2
>> f2=subplot(1,2,2);
>> plot(x,sin(x),'d'); -0.4 -0.4

>> grid on; -0.6 -0.6

>> title('Sine'); -0.8 -0.8

-1 -1
0 5 10 0 5 10
Save plots

 Use saveas(h,'filename.ext')
to save a figure to a file.
Useful extension types:
bmp: Windows bitmap
>> f=figure;
emf: Enhanced metafile
>> x=-5:0.1:5;
eps: EPS Level 1
>> h=plot(x,cos(2*x+pi/3));
fig: MATLAB figure
>> title('Figure 1');
jpg: JPEG image
>> xlabel('x');
m: MATLAB M-file
>> saveas(h,'figure1.fig')
tif: TIFF image, compressed
>> saveas(h,'figure1.eps')
Sine Wave in Matlab

 t = [ 0 : 1 : 40 ]; % Time Samples
 f = 500; % Input Signal Frequency
 fs = 8000; % Sampling Frequency
 x = sin(2*pi*f/fs*t); % Generate Sine
Wave
 figure(1);
 stem(t,x,'r'); % View the samples
 figure(2);
 stem(t*1/fs*1000,x,'r'); % View the
samples
 hold on;
 plot(t*1/fs*1000,x); % Plot Sine Wave
Practice Problems
 Plot the following signals in linear scale

x(t )  sin( 3t ) 5  t  5
y (t )  e 2t 3 0t 5

 Plot the following signals, use log scale for y-axis


x(t )  et  2 (2t  1) 0  t  10

 Plot the real part and imaginary part of the following signal
x(t )  e0.5t  j (t  / 3) 0  t  10

 For the signal in previous question, plot its phase and magnitude

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