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Chapter 4

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69 views35 pages

Chapter 4

chp 4

Uploaded by

Arsene Lupin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Engineering Mechanics

Dynamics
Eighth Edition
J.L.Meriam • L.G.Kraige • J.N.Bolton

Chapter 4
Kinetics of Systems of Particles

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The forces of interaction
between the rotating blades
of this Harrier Jumpjet
engine and the air which
passes over them is a
subject which is introduced
in this chapter

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Generalized Newton’s Second Law

Fig_4-1 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eq_4-1 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Equation 4/1 may be expressed in component
form using x-y-z coordinates or whatever
coordinate system is most convenient for the
problem at hand. Thus,

Eq_4-1a Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Work-Energy Relation

Eq_4-2 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fig_4-2 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kinetic Energy Expression

Eq_4-4 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
—Therefore, the total kinetic energy becomes :

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Linear Momentum

Eq_4-5 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eq_4-6 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Angular Momentum

Fig_4-3 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Angular Momentum

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eq_4-9 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Figure 4/4 represents the
resultants of the external
forces acting on the
system expressed in terms
of the resultant force ΣF
through G and the
corresponding couple
ΣMG.
• We see that the sum of the
moments about P of all
forces external to the
system must equal the
moment of their resultants.

Fig_4-4 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conservation of Energy

• A mass system is said to be conservative if it


does not lose energy by virtue of internal friction
forces which do negative work or by virtue of
inelastic members which dissipate energy upon
cycling. If no work is done on a conservative
system during an interval of motion by external
forces (other than gravity or other potential
forces), then none of the energy of the system is
lost.

Eq_4-14 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conservation of Energy

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conservation of Momentum

If, for a certain interval of time, the resultant


external force ΣF acting on a conservative or
nonconservative mass system is zero, so that
during this interval

Eq_4-15 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conservation of Momentum

If the resultant moment about fixed point O or


about the mass center G of all external forces on
any mass system is zero,

Eq_4-16 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The principles of particle-system kinetics from the foundation for the study of the forces associated
with the water-spraying equipment of this firefighting boat.

Page_268 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Steady Mass Flow

Fig_4-5 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Analysis of Flow through a Rigid
Container

Eq_4-17 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Incremental Analysis

Eq_4-18 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Incremental Analysis

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
• The blades of a helicopter
impart downward
momentum to a column of
air, thereby creating the
forces necessary for
hovering and
manoeuvring.

Page_281 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Angular Momentum in Steady-Flow
System
• A similar formulation is obtained for the case of
angular momentum in steady-flow systems. The
resultant moment of all external forces about
some fixed point O on or off the system, Fig.
4/5a, equals the time rate of change of angular
momentum of the system about O. This fact
was established in Eq. 4/7 which, for the case of
steady flow in a single plane, becomes

Eq_4-19 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eq_4-19a Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The principles of steady mass flow are critical to the design of this hovercraft.

Page_282 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Equation of Motion

Fig_4-6 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eq_4-20 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Super Scooper is a
firefighting airplane which
can quickly ingest water from
a lake by skimming across
the surface with just a
bottom-mounted scoop
entering water.

Page_295 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Application to Rocket Pulsation
• The case of m losing mass is
clearly descriptive of rocket
propulsion.
• Figure 4/7a shows a vertically
ascending rocket, the system for
which is the mass within the
volume defined by the exterior
surface of the rocket and the exit
plane across the nozzle.
• External to this system, the
freebody diagram discloses the
instantaneous values of
gravitational attraction mg,
aerodynamic resistance R, and
the force pA due to the average
static pressure p across the
nozzle exit plane of area A.

Fig_4-7 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eq_4-21 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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