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    Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) : PET, Madakkathara

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    PET MADAKKATHARA
    The document discusses dissolved gas analysis (DGA), which is used to detect faults in oil-filled electrical equipment by analyzing the gases dissolved in the insulating oil. Key points: 1. Different fault types produce characteristic gases, like hydrogen for partial discharge and acetylene for arcing. Duval's triangle method plots three gases on a triangle to identify six main fault zones. 2. DGA can indicate if a transformer is experiencing partial discharge, arcing, thermal faults, or cellulose insulation breakdown based on the fault gases present. 3. The CO/CO2 ratio can detect paper involvement, as a ratio under 3 indicates a paper fault from hotspots or arcing. DGA is

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    Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) : PET, Madakkathara

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    PET MADAKKATHARA
    145 views37 pages
    The document discusses dissolved gas analysis (DGA), which is used to detect faults in oil-filled electrical equipment by analyzing the gases dissolved in the insulating oil. Key points: 1. Different fault types produce characteristic gases, like hydrogen for partial discharge and acetylene for arcing. Duval's triangle method plots three gases on a triangle to identify six main fault zones. 2. DGA can indicate if a transformer is experiencing partial discharge, arcing, thermal faults, or cellulose insulation breakdown based on the fault gases present. 3. The CO/CO2 ratio can detect paper involvement, as a ratio under 3 indicates a paper fault from hotspots or arcing. DGA is

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    DGA

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    The document discusses dissolved gas analysis (DGA), which is used to detect faults in oil-filled electrical equipment by analyzing the gases dissolved in the insulating oil. Key points: 1. Different fault types produce characteristic gases, like hydrogen for partial discharge and acetylene for arcing. Duval's triangle method plots three gases on a triangle to identify six main fault zones. 2. DGA can indicate if a transformer is experiencing partial discharge, arcing, thermal faults, or cellulose insulation breakdown based on the fault gases present. 3. The CO/CO2 ratio can detect paper involvement, as a ratio under 3 indicates a paper fault from hotspots or arcing. DGA is

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    145 views37 pages

    Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) : PET, Madakkathara

    Uploaded by

    PET MADAKKATHARA
    The document discusses dissolved gas analysis (DGA), which is used to detect faults in oil-filled electrical equipment by analyzing the gases dissolved in the insulating oil. Key points: 1. Different fault types produce characteristic gases, like hydrogen for partial discharge and acetylene for arcing. Duval's triangle method plots three gases on a triangle to identify six main fault zones. 2. DGA can indicate if a transformer is experiencing partial discharge, arcing, thermal faults, or cellulose insulation breakdown based on the fault gases present. 3. The CO/CO2 ratio can detect paper involvement, as a ratio under 3 indicates a paper fault from hotspots or arcing. DGA is

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 37

    DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS

    (DGA)

    Presentation By

    PET, Madakkathara
    DGA / DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS

    • DGA is probably the most powerful tool for detecting


    faults in Oil filled electrical equipment in service

    • Over one million DGA analyses are performed each


    year by more than 400 laboratories worldwide.
    • Gases in oil always result from the decomposition of
    electrical insulation materials (oil or paper), as a result of
    faults or chemical reactions in the equipment.

    • for example, oil is a molecule of hydrocarbons, i.e.,


    containing hydrogen and carbon atoms, linked by
    chemical bonds (C-H, C-C)
    WHY ANALYZE DISSOLVED GAS ?

    • Generated gases in Tfr can be found dissolved in the


    insulating oil or in gas collecting devices.
    • Detection of an abnormal condition requires - evaluation
    of the amount of generated gas present & the rate of gas
    generation.
    • Some indication of the source of the gases and the kind
    of insulation involved may be gained by determining the
    composition of the generated gases.
    • The interpretation of gas analysis
    • Suggested operating procedures
    • Diagnostic techniques, such as key gases, Dornenberg
    ratios, Roger’s ratio and Duval’s triangle.
    • The theory of combustible gas generation in a
    transformer
    GENERAL THEORY OF GAS GENERATION

    The two principal causes of gas formation within an operating


    transformer are -
    •Thermal disturbances
    •Electrical disturbances.

    Main causes of gas formation are due to:


    •Conductor loss due to loading causes thermal decomposition of the
    oil and solid insulation.
    •The decomposition of oil and insulation exposed to arc temperatures .
    TYPES OF FAULT

    Electrical Faults – Low intensity Discharge

    1. Low Intensity discharge such as partial discharge or intermittent arcing


    produces mainly hydrogen with small quantities of methane and acetylene.
    As the intensity of the discharge increases, the acetylene and ethylene
    concentrations rises significantly.

    2. Electrical Faults; High Intensity Arcing. As the intensity of the electrical


    discharge reaches arcing or continuing discharge proportions that produce
    temperatures from 700°C to 1800°C, the quantity of acetylene produced
    becomes pronounced.
    The Transformer may have had or is currently
    experiencing . The potentials are as follows.

    a) Partial discharge (Corona – low energy


    arcing)
    b) High energy electrical arcing.
    c) Thermal faults
    d) Cellulose insulation breakdown.
    e) The overload history of a transformer
    The principal or key gas associated with each type of issue
    are shown below.

    1. Hydrogen H2 : Generated by partial discharge and arcing.


    2. Methane CH4 : Generated by relatively low elevated temperature (150° C)
    3. Acetylene C2H2 : Generated by arcing
    4. Ethane C2H6 : Generated by high temperature (<300°C
    5. Ethylene C2H4 : Generated by high temperature (>300°C)
    6. Carbon monoxide CO : Generated by oxidation of cellulose insulation
    7. Carbon di oxide CO2 : Generated by oxidation of cellulose insulation
    Commonly used Graphical Representations /
    Interpretation Techniques:

    1. Dörnenburg Ratios (in Switzerland -1960s)


    2. Roger’s method (in UK -1975)

    Drawbacks:
    • no diagnosis can be given in a significant number of cases
    because they fall outside the defined zones.

    All these methods use 3 basic gas ratios (CH4/H2,C2H2/C2H4 and C2H6/C2H4).
    Depending on the values of these gas ratios codes/zones are defined for each
    type of fault.
    3. Key gas method
    • which looked at the main gas formed for each fault
    e.g. C2H2 for arcing
    Drawback: it often provides wrong diagnoses.
    DUAL’S TRIANGLE METHOD
    • triangle method developed in 1970s.
    • based on the use of three gases (CH4,C2H4 and
    C2H2) corresponding to the increasing energy level of
    gas formation.
    Advantage:
    • it always provides a diagnosis with a low percentage of
    wrong diagnosis.
    The triangle method plots the relative % of (CH4,C2H4 and C2H2)on each side
    of the triangle, from 0to 100%.
    The six main zones of faults are indicated in the triangle, plus a DT zone
    (mixture of thermal and electrical faults)
    The most severe fault :
    Fault D2 in paper and in oil (high energy arcing)
    Faults T2 – T3 in paper (>300°C)
    Faults D1 in paper (Tracking , arcing)
    Faults T3 in oil (>700°C)

    The less severe faults :


    Faults PD / D1 in oil (sparking)
    Faults T1 kin paper (300°C)
    Faults T2 in oil (<700°C) are difficult to find in inspection.
    Basic faults detectable by DGA have been defined by
    IEC -

    1. PARTIAL DISCHARGES OF THE CORONA-


    TYPE (PD)

    -typical examples : discharges in gas bubbles or voids


    trapped in paper, as a result of poor drying or poor oil-
    impregnation.
    2.DISCHARGES OF LOW ENERGY (D1)

    - typical examples : partial discharges of the sparking-


    type, inducing carbonized punctures in paper.
    - or low-energy arcing, inducing surface tracking of paper
    and carbon particles in oil.
    3. DISCHARGES OF HIGH ENERGY (D2)
    -typical examples: high energy arcing, flashovers and
    short circuits with power follow- through, resulting in
    extensive damage to paper, large formation of carbon
    particles in oil, metal fusion, tripping of the equipment
    or gas alarms.
    4. THERMAL FAULTS OF TEMPERATURES
    <300 °C (T1)
    FaultsT1 are evidenced by paper turning:
    - brown(>200°C)
    - black or carbonized (> 300 °C).

    Typical examples: overloading, blocked oil ducts


    5. THERMAL FAULTS OF TEMPERATURES
    BETWEEN 300 AND 700°C (T2)
    FaultsT2 are evidenced by :
    - carbonization of paper
    - formation of carbon particles in oil.

    Typical examples: defective contacts, defective welds,


    circulating currents.
    6.THERMAL FAULTS OF TEMPERATURES >
    700°C (T3)

    FaultsT3 are evidenced by :


    -extensive formation of carbon particles in oil.
    -metal coloration (800 °C) or metal fusion (> 1000 °C).

    Typical examples: large circulating currents in tank


    and core, short circuits in laminations.
    A popular ratio used to detect paper involvement is the
    CO/CO2 ratio.
    If the ratio is <3 this is strong indication of a fault in paper,
    either a hot spot or electrical arcing.

    A fault in paper is generally considered as serious than a


    fault in oil only, because paper is often placed in a HV area
    (windings and barriers).

    The CO/CO2 ratio however is not accurate because it is also


    effected by the back ground of CO and CO2 coming from oil
    oxidation.
    Thank You
    PET MADAKKATHARA
    Dissolved Gas Concentrations

    Status H2 CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 CO CO2 TDCG

    Condition 1 100 120 35 50 65 350 2500 720

    Condition 2 101 121 36 51 66 351 2501 721

    Condition 3 102 122 37 52 67 352 2502 722

    Condition 4 >1800 >1000 >80 >200 >150 >1400 >10000 >4630


    Thanks a lot for your
    attention
    ……………………

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