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How To Use The R Programming Language For Statistical Analyses

R is a programming language and environment for statistical analysis and graphics. It provides calculations on matrices, excellent graphics capabilities, and is supported by a large user network. R is not a menu-driven statistics software package but rather a programming language that requires coding and is more complex to learn. R can be used for statistical analysis in fields like telecommunications, pharma, finance, life sciences, and education. The document provides information on installing R, tutorials, naming conventions, assigning objects, functions, the workspace, history, importing and viewing data, and creating basic graphs.

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Shanti Swaroop Chauhan
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394 views38 pages

How To Use The R Programming Language For Statistical Analyses

R is a programming language and environment for statistical analysis and graphics. It provides calculations on matrices, excellent graphics capabilities, and is supported by a large user network. R is not a menu-driven statistics software package but rather a programming language that requires coding and is more complex to learn. R can be used for statistical analysis in fields like telecommunications, pharma, finance, life sciences, and education. The document provides information on installing R, tutorials, naming conventions, assigning objects, functions, the workspace, history, importing and viewing data, and creating basic graphs.

Uploaded by

Shanti Swaroop Chauhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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How to Use the R Programming

Language for Statistical Analyses


Part I: An Introduction to R

Shanti.S.Chauhan, Ph.D.
Department of Business Studies
SHAUTS
What Is R?
 a programming “environment”
 object-oriented
 similar to S-Plus
 freeware
 provides calculations on matrices
 excellent graphics capabilities
 supported by a large user network
What is R Not?
 a statistics software package
 menu-driven
 quick to learn
 a program with a complex graphical interface
Who Uses R?
 Telecommunication
 Pharmaceutical
 Financial Services
 Life Sciences
 Education
Installing R
 www.r-project.org/
 download from CRAN
 select a download site
 download the base package at a minimum
 download contributed packages as needed
Tutorials
 From R website under “Documentation”
– “Manual” is the listing of official R documentation
• An Introduction to R
• R Language Definition
• Writing R Extensions
• R Data Import/Export
• R Installation and Administration
• The R Reference Index
Tutorials cont.
– “Contributed” documentation are tutorials and
manuals created by R users
• Simple R
• R for Beginners
• Practical Regression and ANOVA Using R
– R FAQ
– Mailing Lists (listserv)
• r-help
Tutorials cont.
 Textbooks
– Venables & Ripley (2002) Modern Applied
Statistics with S. New York: Springer-Verlag.
– Chambers (1998). Programming With Data: A
guide to the S language. New York: Springer-
Verlag.
R Basics
 objects
 naming convention
 assignment
 functions
 workspace
 history
Objects
 names
 types of objects: vector, factor, array, matrix,
data.frame, ts, list
 attributes
– mode: numeric, character, complex, logical
– length: number of elements in object
 creation
– assign a value
– create a blank object
Naming Convention
 must start with a letter (A-Z or a-z)
 can contain letters, digits (0-9), and/or
periods “.”
 case-sensitive
– mydata different from MyData
 do not use use underscore “_”
Assignment
 “<-” used to indicate assignment
– x<-c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
– x<-c(1:7)
– X<-c(5,2,3,9)
– x<-(1:4)

 note: as of version 1.4 “=“ is also a valid assignment operator


Functions
 actions can be performed on objects using
functions (note: a function is itself an object)
 have arguments and options, often there are
defaults
 provide a result
 parentheses () are used to specify that a
function is being called
Let’s look at R
R Workspace & History
Workspace
 during an R session, all objects are stored in
a temporary, working memory
 list objects
– ls()
 remove objects
– rm()
 objects that you want to access later must be
saved in a “workspace”
– from the menu bar: File->save workspace
– from the command line:
save(x,file=“MyData.Rdata”)
History
 command line history
 can be saved, loaded, or displayed
– savehistory(file=“MyData.Rhistory)
– loadhistory(file=“MyData.Rhistory)
– history(max.show=Inf)

 during a session you can use the arrow keys


to review the command history
Two most common object types
for statistics:

matrix
data frame
Matrix
 a matrix is a vector with an additional attribute
(dim) that defines the number of columns and
rows
 only one mode (numeric, character, complex,
or logical) allowed
 can be created using matrix()
x<-matrix(data=0,nr=2,nc=2)
or
x<-matrix(0,2,2)
Data Frame
 several modes allowed within a single data
frame
 can be created using data.frame()
L<-LETTERS[1:4] #A B C D
x<-1:4 #1 2 3 4
data.frame(x,L) #create data frame
 attach() and detach()
– the database is attached to the R search path so that the database is
searched by R when it is evaluating a variable.
– objects in the database can be accessed by simply giving their names
Data Elements
 select only one element
– x[2]
 select range of elements
– x[1:3]
 select all but one element
– x[-3]
 slicing: including only part of the object
– x[c(1,2,5)]
 select elements based on logical operator
– x(x>3)
Data Import & Entry
Importing Data
 read.table()
– reads in data from an external file
 data.entry()
– create object first, then enter data
 c()
– concatenate
 scan()
– prompted data entry
 R has ODBC for connecting to other programs
Data entry & editing
 start editor and save changes
– data.entry(x)
 start editor, changes not saved
– de(x)
 start text editor
– edit(x)
Part-2 Data Visualisation in R

1 2
3
Base R Grammar of
Graphics Graphics GG Plot 2
Introduction to Base Graphics
Base graphics help us to make simple 2 D Graphs
IRIS data Set for base
graphics
Histogram

scatter plot Box Plot

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