Earthquake Dynamics

Lecture by : prof. Dr. Ir. Iman satyamo, M.E.

Response Spectrum
Presented by:
R. Abadirulian Ervantara 18/434826/PTK/12389

Kaolor LEECEHU 18/436399/PTK/12513

 DIFINICTION OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM
The typical earthquake ground motion response spectrum represents an envelope of the
peak responses of many single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with different periods.
The acceleration response spectrum of a ground motion is a relationship between the
natural period of vibration of a sdof system and the maximum absolute acceleration that it
experiences under the ground motion. Similarly, a displacement response spectrum typically
represents the peak displacement, relative to the ground, of many sdof systems with
different periods.

This is illustrated in Figure , show

where the displacement spectrum of a
record from the Palm Springs
Earthquake is shown, along with the
time history response at several
periods. The relationship between the
peak response at the different periods
and the spectrum is graphically
illustrated.
 concept of response spectrum
Response Spectrum is a Plot of the Maximum Peak Response of Single
Degree of Freedom System as a Function of its Natural Period
(Frequency) For a Specific Dynamic Force (or Earthquake motion)

Basic concept of response spectrum. dof, degree of freedom.

 Origin of the response spectrum method

The mathematical formulation of

the Response spectrum method
first appeared in the doctoral
dissertation of M.A. Biot in 1932
A.D. and in two of his papers
(Biot 1932a, 1933, 1934a) aim
was to characterize the ground
motion. M.A. Biot extends its
application to earthquake
engineering in 1941.
Hugo Benioff initiated 1934

At Professor von Kármán’s House in Pasadena.

Construction of response spectrum

We calculated the maximum

response foe a range of values of
frequency and damping and
portray the results of graphically,
We then have the spectrum chart
that show the maximum response
of all possible angle of degree of
freedom to the system of
earthquake
Response Spectrum

Displacement Response
A(t)/g Spectrum for the above time
history

Time, sec

T=0.5 sec U(t)

 =2%

T=1.0 sec U(t)

 =2%

Umax
T=2.0 sec U(t)
 =2%

Time, sec T, sec

Figure After Chopra, 2001

The most commonly used forms of linear spectra are:
•Acceleration spectra “Sa” (Sa vs. T),
•Displacement spectra “Sd” (Sd vs. T),
•Velocity spectra “Sv” (Sv vs. T).

Other commonly used spectra are pseudo-acceleration

spectra “PSa” and pseudo-velocity spectra “PSv”, which
are easily derived from the displacement spectra using the
following equations:
PSv = ω * Sd
PSa = ω * PSv = ω2 * Sd

Figure shows plots of PSa, PSv, and Sd vs.

T. Also shown is a plot of PSa vs. Sd, which
is another spectral representation commonly
referred to as the ADRS spectrum.
 Spectrum Unit conversion
We can easily convert between acceleration, velocity, and
displacement spectra by multiplying or dividing by the
frequency.
Convert frequency unit using  rad/s = 2f (Hz)

S d  S v /( 2f )  S a /( 2f ) 2

S v  S d /( 2f )  S a /( 2f )
S a  S d /( 2f )  S v /( 2f )
2
Necessity of Response Spectrum
Analysis
 To study the characterization of ground motion
 To study the response of buildings on the occurrence
of
earthquake.
 Gives information about the period at which max
acceleration can be expected if an earthquake is used to
excite your building .
 How to calculate a deterministic response spectrum
for a
given earthquake
magnitude and source distance.
Factors Influencing Response
Spectra
 I) Energy release mechanism
 II) Epicentral distance
 III) Focal depth
 IV) Soil condition
 V) Richter magnitude
 VI) Damping in the system
 VII) Time period of the system
 Earthquake Resistance Design

Almost all Codes of

Practice recommends
the Response Spectrum as
the Main Method for
Earthquake Resistance
Design
Smooth Response Spectrum

• Real spectrum has somewhat irregular shape with local peaks and valleys

• For design purpose, local peaks and valleys should be ignored

– Since natural period cannot be calculated with that much accuracy.

• Hence, smooth response spectrum used for design purposes

• For developing design spectra, one also needs to consider other issues.
Smooth Response Spectrum (contd…)

Period (sec) Period (sec) Period (sec)

Acceleration Spectra Velocity Spectra Displacement Spectra

Shown here are typical smooth spectra used in design for different values of damping (Fig. from
Housner, 1970)
Floor Response Spectrum

• Equipment located on a floor needs to be designed for the motion experienced by the floor.

• Hence, the procedure for equipment will be:

– Analyze the building for the ground motion.

– Obtain response of the floor.
– Express the floor response in terms of spectrum (termed as
Floor Response Spectrum)
– Design the equipment and its connections with the floor as per
Floor Response Spectrum.
Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum

• Consider the Acceleration Response Spectrum

• Notice the region of red circle marked: a slight change in natural
period can lead to large variation in maximum acceleration
Spectral Acceleration, g

Undamped Natural Period T (sec)

Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum (contd…)

• Natural period of a civil engineering structure cannot be calculated

precisely

• Design specification should not very sensitive to a small change in

natural period.

• Hence, design spectrum is a smooth or average shape without local

peaks and valleys you see in the response spectrum
Design Spectrum

• Since some damage is expected and accepted in the structure

during strong shaking, design spectrum is developed considering the overstrength,
redundancy, and ductility in the structure.

• The site may be prone to shaking from large but distant earthquakes
as well as from medium but nearby earthquakes: design spectrum may account for these as
well.
Design Spectrum (contd…)

• Design Spectrum must be accompanied by:

– Load factors or permissible stresses that must be used

• Different choice of load factors will give different seismic
safety to the structure

– Damping to be used in design

• Variation in the value of damping used will affect the design
force.

– Method of calculation of natural period

• Depending on modeling assumptions, one can get different
values of natural period.

– Type of detailing for ductility

• Design force can be lowered if structure has higher ductility.
Design Spectrum (contd…)

• 1984 code provided slightly different design spectrum for two

methods
– Seismic Coefficient Method (static method), and
– Response Spectrum Method (dynamic method)

• It was confusing to use two different sets of terminology for two

methods.

• Present code provides same design spectrum irrespective of

whether static or dynamic method is used.
IS:1893-1984

• Design base shear for a building by Seismic Coefficient Method was calculated as
Vb= oIKCW

C
Natural Period (sec)

• In a way, one could say that the design spectrum for the seismic
coefficient method in the 1984 code was given by oIKC
IS:1893-1984 (contd…)

• In the Response Spectrum Method, the design spectrum was given by FoIK(Sa/g)

Sa/g = Average Acceleration Coefficient

Natural Period (sec)

Major Changes in Design Spectrum

• Zone Factor (Z) is specified in place of o and Fo

• Importance Factor (I) is same

• Soil Effect is considered by different shapes of response spectrum;
Soil-Foundation Factor () has now been dropped.
• Response Reduction Factor (R) used in denominator; earlier
Performance Factor (K) was used in numerator.
– For more ductile structures, K was lower.
– Now, R will be higher for more ductile structures.
• Structure Flexibility Factor (Sa/g); earlier C or Sa/g
Soil Effect

• Recorded earthquake motions show that response spectrum shape

differs for different type of soil profile at the site

Period (sec)

Fig. from Geotechnical Earthquake

Engineering, by Kramer, 1996
Ground shaking is the primary cause of earthquake damage to man-made structures. The
amplitude of ground shaking is affected by the type of near-surface rocks and soil
Shape of Design Spectrum

• The three curves in Fig. 2 have been drawn based on general

trends of average response spectra shapes.

• In recent years, the US codes (UBC, NEHRP and IBC) have

provided more sophistication wherein the shape of design spectrum
varies from area to area depending on the ground motion
characteristics expected.
IS1893:2002

 Local soil profile reflected through a different design spectrum for Rock , Soil
 Normalized for Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 1.0

Rocky or hard sites,

1 + 15 T 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.10
Sa / g = 2.50 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.40
1.00 / T 0.40 ≤ T ≤ 4.00

Medium soil sites

1 + 15 T 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.10 Damping 5%

Sa / g = 2.50 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.55

1.36 / T 0.55 ≤ T ≤ 4.00

Soft soil sites

1 + 15 T 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.10
Sa / g = 2.50 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.67
1.67 / T 0.67 ≤ T ≤ 4.00
Response spectrum method is favoured by earthquake engineering
community because of:

• It provides a technique for performing an equivalent static lateral load

analysis.
• It allows a clear understanding of the contributions of different modes
of vibration.
• It offers a simplified method for finding the design forces for structural
members for earthquake.
• It is also useful for approximate evaluation of seismic reliability of
structures.
•The concept of equivalent lateral forces for earthquake is a unique
concept because it converts a dynamic analysis partly to dynamic &
partly to static analysis for finding maximum stresses.
•For seismic design, these maximum stresses are of interest, not the
time history of stress.
•Equivalent lateral force for an earthquake is defined as a set of lateral
force which will produce the same peak response as that obtained by
dynamic analysis of structures .
• The equivalence is restricted to a single mode of vibration.
The response spectrum method of analysis is developed using the
following steps.
• A modal analysis of the structure is carried out to obtain mode shapes,
frequencies & modal participation factors.
•Using the acceleration response spectrum, an equivalent static load is derived
which will provide the same maximum response as that obtained in each mode
of vibration.
•Maximum modal responses are combined to find total maximum response of
the structure.
•The first step is the dynamic analysis while , the step is a static analysis.
•The first two steps do not have approximations, while the third step has some
approximations.
•As a result, response spectrum analysis is called an approximate analysis; but
applications show that it provides mostly a good estimate of peak responses.
•Method is developed for single point, single component excitation for classically
damped linear systems. However, with additional approximations it has been
extended for multi point-multi component excitations & for non-classically
damped systems.
Equation of motion for MDOF system under single point excitation
•Since both response spectrum & mode shape properties are required
in obtaining , it is known as modal response spectrum analysis.
•It is evident from above that both the dynamic & static analyses are
involved in the method of analysis as mentioned before.
•As the contributions of responses from different modes constitute the
total response, the total maximum response is obtained by combining
modal quantities.
•This combination is done in an approximate manner since actual
dynamic analysis is now replaced by partly dynamic & partly static
analysis.