Deciphering The Tsunami Wave Impact and Associated Connection

EFFECT OF TUSNAMI WAVES
ON OPEN-GIRDER COASTAL
BRIDGES
PREPARED BY,
HARSH DAVE: IU1851210004
POOJA PANCHAL:IU1851210006
VINAY SONI: IU1851210016
CONTENT
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODOLOGY( FLOW CHART)
 METHODS
 HYDRODYNAMIC EXPERIMENT
 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
 TOTAL HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FORCES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
ABSTARCT
 Large scale hydrodynamic experiments of tsunami wave impact on a bridge with open
girders were conducted at Oregon State University.
 In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the data revealed that:
a)Tsunami bores introduce slamming forces , comprises of horizontal & uplift components.
b) This maximum horizontal and vertical force do not occur at the same time
c) Offshore connections have to resist a force increased by 91% to 124% due to tsunami impact
in bearings and columns
d) The generation of overturning moment at the initial impact is the main reason for increased
uplift in offshore connections.
e) Need to consider multiple combinations of forces with corresponding moments or with
locations of applications in order to identify the governing scenario for each structural elements.
BRIDGE AND ITS COMPONENTS
FIGURE 1
INTRODUCTION:
 Incidents which demonstrated the vulnerability of bridges to tsunami waves and need to
understand the tsunami induced loading
1. In 2004 Indian ocean tsunami
2. In 2010 Chile tsunami
3. In 2011 East Japan earthquake
 CONCLUSIONS ANALYSED FROM THESE INCIDENTS ARE:
The most severe and common type of failure was the breaking of the connections between the
superstructure and substructure, which resulted in washing away of deck by tsunami waves.
METHODOLOGY
(PROBLEM)
COLLAPSE OF BRIDGES DUE TO
TSUNAMI
(RESEACH GAP)
BEHAVIOUR OF
JUNCTION BETWEEN SUB- (INTRODUC
STRUCTURE AND SUPER-
STRUCTURE UNDER
TION)
(LITERATUR TSUNAMI LO
E REVIEW)
EVALUATION
AND
EXPERIMENTAL
DATA TEST
COLLECTION
DATA ANALYSIS AND

REMARKS
GRAPHS
COCNCLUSION
HYDRODYNAMIC EXPERIMENTS
 Large scale hydrodynamic experiments were carried out in Large Wave flume (LWF)
at the O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory (HWRL) at Oregon State University.
 The flume is 104.24 m long, 3.66 m wide & 4.57 m deep.
 The LWF as shown in figure consists of 13- resistive type wave gauge, 12 pressure
gauge, 16 Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (ADVs).
 The wave gauges installed are used to measure propagation of waves, ADVs installed
are used to measure flow velocities and velocity profile.
 There were 12 pressure gauges installed on concrete deck and steel girders to measure
the impact pressure.
 Also, 8 submersible load cells below the girders, 6 submersible load cells
below bent up cap were installed to measure vertical forces in the girder.
 2 submersible load cells installed horizontally at the level of bent up cap to
measure horizontal forces transferred from deck to bent up cap to supports.
 24 strain gauges were installed on steel cross frames to calculate the forces
carried by each member.
FIGURE 2: CROSS-SECTION OF LARGE WAVE FLUME
LARGE WAVE FLUME
TEST SPECIMEN
FIGURE 3: TEST SPECIMEN AND COMPONENTS OF PRE-TEST AND DURING

TEST
FIGURE 4: CROSS-SECTION OF
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP CONSISTING OF
CROSS FRAMES, STEEL BEARINGS,
GIRDERS
• The bridge installed here consists of

bent up cap supported by test frames
which consists of two beams and two
brackets.
• Load cells below and top of bent up
caps, connected to steel bearings. This
setup helped to transfer the load directly
to walls of LWF.
VERTICAL FORCES IN BEARINGS
 Under the application of solitary waves and bores all bearings are experiencing uplift as well as
downward forces during the tsunami impact and the flooding process.
 At the initial impact the forces in the offshore (upstream) and onshore (downstream) bearings are
out-of-phase, with the offshore bearings witnessing uplift forces and the onshore ones downward
forces. At that point in time the offshore steel bearings are taking most of the uplift tsunami force
with the bearings of the second offshore girder sharing part of this force.
 The offshore bearings have to withstand significantly larger uplift forces than the rest of the bearings
for all the tested waves, indicating that the offshore bearings should be designed for larger tsunami
demand than the rest of the bearings in order to avoid failure of the bridge.
 For many wave heights and both wave types the maximum uplift force in the offshore bearings (Fv,
brgs, G1) and the maximum total tsunami uplift (maxFv) do not coincide. The former forces are
always maximized at the instant of the initial impact, while the latter ones can reach maximum either
at the initial impact or later on as the deck flooding progresses. This is a major finding because it
implies that the maximum total uplift on the deck might not result in the “worst case” scenario
(largest demand) for every bearing.
 The offshore bearings get a large percentage of the total uplift, which can reach 91% of the total uplift
force for unbroken (transformed) solitary waves and 96% for bores, with the average values being 78%
and 70% for the two wave types respectively.
 An important issue emerging from these findings, is that since the offshore bearings are witnessing the
smallest gravity load among all bearings (due to the smallest tributary areas) and at the same time the
largest uplift forces, they have by far the largest probability of failure in the case of a tsunami event.
 To avoid such a failure, a practical recommendation for engineers designing bridges with cross-frames
and steel bearings is to design the offshore bearings and connections to withstand the total tsunami
uplift force.
CONCLUSION
 The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention to bearings, columns,
connection forces and to understand how they are related to wave impact and to
develop methodologies for determining tsunami demands.
 The maximum horizontal and vertical force do not always occur at the same time,
and they do not coincide for all waves.
 Both solitary waves and bores produce a short duration impulsive force when
waves hit the structure.

REFERENCES
 Istrati D., Buckle I., Lomonaco P., Yim S., “DECIPHERING THE TSUNAMI
WAVE IMPACT AND ASSOCIATED CONNECTION FORCES IN OPEN-
GIRDER COASTAL BRIDGES “. DECEMBER. 2018. “Open Journal Marine
Science”.
HARSH DAVE|POOJA PANCHAL|VINAY SONI

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EFFECT OF TUSNAMI WAVES

 METHODOLOGY( FLOW CHART)

 TOTAL HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FORCES

1. In 2004 Indian ocean tsunami

2. In 2010 Chile tsunami

3. In 2011 East Japan earthquake

 CONCLUSIONS ANALYSED FROM THESE INCIDENTS ARE:

DATA ANALYSIS AND

 The flume is 104.24 m long, 3.66 m wide & 4.57 m deep.

FIGURE 3: TEST SPECIMEN AND COMPONENTS OF PRE-TEST AND DURING

• The bridge installed here consists of

 The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention to bearings, columns,

develop methodologies for determining tsunami demands.

and they do not coincide for all waves.

waves hit the structure.

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