Core Java

- Sharad Ballepu

1
Core Java Servlets & JSPs
Agenda

• Introduction
• Access Modifiers
• Operators
• Flow Control
• Arrays and Strings
• OOPS Explored
• Exceptions
• Garbage Collection
• Collections
• Threads
• Demo
2
Introduction – What is Java

• Programming language
– Another programming language using which we can develop applets,
standalone applications, web applications and enterprise applications.

• Platform Independent
– A Java program written and compiled on one machine can be
executed on any other machine (irrespective of the operating system)

• Object Oriented
– Complies to object oriented programming concepts. Your program is
not object oriented unless you code that way

• Compiled and Interpreted

– The .java file is compiled to a .class file & the .class file is interpreted
to machine code

3
Introduction – Java Virtual Machine

Java .class
.java file Compiler file

Java Virtual Machine

Mac Microsoft UNIX

4
Introduction – My First Program Version 1

package com.sharadballepu.test;

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(“Hello World”);
}
}

Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java

Execute the program: java HelloWorld
Output: Hello World

5
Introduction – My First Program Version 2

package com.sharadballepu.test;

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld();
hw.display();
}

public void display()

{
System.out.println(“Hello World”);
}
}

Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java

Execute the program: java HelloWorld
Output: Hello World 6
Introduction – My First Program Version 3

package com.sharadballepu.test;

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld();
hw.display(args[0]);
}

public void display(String userName)

{
System.out.println(“Hello ” + userName);
}
}

Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java

Execute the program: java HelloWorld Sharad
Output: Hello Sharad 7
Introduction – My First Program Version 4

package com.sharadballepu.test;

public class HelloWorld

{
String userName;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld();
hw.userName = args[0];
}

public void display()

{
System.out.println(“Hello ” + userName);
}
}
Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java
Execute the program: java HelloWorld Sharad
Output: Hello Sharad 8
Introduction – Java Keywords

abstract boolean break byte case catch char

class const continue default do double else

extends final finally float for goto if

implements import instanceof int interface long native

new package private protected public return short

static strictfp super switch synchronized this throw

throws transient try void volatile while assert

9
Introduction – Stack v/s Heap

A B
x = 10 y = new A()

method2()

method1()
C
main()

Stack
Heap
10
Introduction - Object Oriented Concepts

• Class
– A blueprint that defines the attributes and methods

• Object
– An instance of a Class

• Abstraction
– Hide certain details and show only essential details

• Encapsulation
– Binding data and methods together

• Inheritance
– Inherit the features of the superclass

• Polymorphism
– One name having many forms

11
Introduction - Data Types

Data type Byt Min Value Max Value Literal Values

es
byte 1 -27 27 – 1 123

short 2 -215 215 – 1 1234

int 4 -231 231 – 1 12345, 086, 0x675

long 8 -263 263 – 1 123456

float 4 - - 1.0

double 8 - - 123.86

char 2 0 216 – 1 ‘a’, ‘\n’

boolean - - - true, false

General rule:
Min value = 2(bits – 1)
Max value = 2(bits-1) – 1
12
(where 1 byte = 8 bits)
Java Modifiers

Modifier Class Class Methods Method

Variables Variables
public   
private  
protected  
default   
final    
abstract  
strictfp  
transient 
synchronized 
native 
volatile 
static   
13
Modifiers – Class

• public
– Class can be accessed from any other class present in any package

• default
– Class can be accessed only from within the same package. Classes outside the
package in which the class is defined cannot access this class

• final
– This class cannot be sub-classed, one cannot extend this class

• abstract
– Class cannot be instantiated, need to sub-classs/extend.

• strictfp
– Conforms that all methods in the class will conform to IEEE standard rules for
floating points

14
Modifiers – Class Attributes

• public
– Attribute can be accessed from any other class present in any package
• private
– Attribute can be accessed from only within the class
• protected
– Attribute can be accessed from all classes in the same package and sub-
classes.
• default
– Attribute can be accessed only from within the same package.
• final
– This value of the attribute cannot be changed, can assign only 1 value
• transient
– The attribute value cannot be serialized
• volatile
– Thread always reconciles its own copy of attribute with master.
• static
– Only one value of the attribute per class

15
Modifiers – Methods

• public
– Method can be accessed from any other class present in any package
• private
– Method can be accessed from only within the class
• protected
– Method can be accessed from all classes in the same package and sub-classes.
• default
– Method can be accessed only from within the same package.
• final
– The method cannot be overridden
• abstract
– Only provides the method declaration
• strictfp
– Method conforms to IEEE standard rules for floating points
• synchronized
– Only one thread can access the method at a time
• native
– Method is implemented in platform dependent language
• static
– Cannot access only static members.
16
Operators - Types

• Definition:
An operator performs a particular operation on the operands it is applied
on

• Types of operators
– Assignment Operators
– Arithmetic Operators
– Unary Operators
– Equality Operators
– Relational Operators
– Conditional Operators
– instaceof Operator
– Bitwise Operators
– Shift Operators

17
Operators – Assignment Operators/Arithmetic Operators

• Assignment Operator
Operator Description Example

= Assignment int i = 10;

int j = i;

• Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description Example
+ Addition int i = 8 + 9; byte b = (byte) 5+4;
- Subtraction int i = 9 – 4;
* Multiplication int i = 8 * 6;
/ Division int i = 10 / 2;

% Remainder int i = 10 % 3;

18
Operators – Unary Operators/Equality Operators

• Unary Operators
Operator Description Example
+ Unary plus int i = +1;
- Unary minus int i = -1;
++ Increment int j = i++;
-- Decrement int j = i--;
! Logical Not boolean j = !true;

• Equality Operators

Operator Description Example

== Equality If (i==1)
!= Non equality If (i != 4)

19
Operators – Relational Operators/Conditional Operators

• Relational Operators
Operator Description Example
> Greater than if ( x > 4)
< Less than if ( x < 4)
>= Greater than or equal to if ( x >= 4)
<= Less than or equal to if ( x <= 4)

• Conditional Operators

Operator Description Example

&& Conditional and If (a == 4 && b == 5)
|| Conditional or If (a == 4 || b == 5)

20
Operators – instanceof Operator/Bitwise Operators/shift operators

• instanceof Operator
Operator Description Example
instanceof Instamce of If (john instance of person)

• Bitwise Operators
Operator Description Example
& Bitwise and 001 & 111 = 1
| Bitwise or 001 | 110 = 111
^ Bitwise ex-or 001 ^ 110 = 111
~ Reverse ~011 = -10

• Shift Operators
Operator Description Example
>> Right shift 4 >> 1 = 100 >> 1 = 010 = 2
<< Left Shift 4 << 1 = 100 << 1 = 1000 = 8
>>> Unsigned Right shift 4 >>> 1 = 100 >>> 1 = 010 = 2 21
Flow Control – if-else if-else

• if-else

Syntax Example

if (<condition-1>) { int a = 10;

// logic for true condition-1 goes if (a < 10 ) {
here System.out.println(“Less than 10”);
} else if (<condition-2>) { } else if (a > 10) {
// logic for true condition-2 goes System.out.pritln(“Greater than 10”);
here } else {
} else { System.out.println(“Equal to 10”);
// if no condition is met, control }
comes here
}
Result: Equal to 10s

22
Flow Control – switch

• switch
Syntax Example

switch (<value>) { int a = 10;

case <a>: switch (a) {
// stmt-1 case 1:
break; System.out.println(“1”);
case <b>: break;
//stmt-2 case 10:
break; System.out.println(“10”);
default: break;
//stmt-3 default:
System.out.println(“None”);

Result: 10

23
Flow Control – do-while / while

• do-while
Syntax Example
do { int i = 0;
// stmt-1 do {
} while (<condition>); System.out.println(“In do”); i++;
} while ( i < 10);

Result: Prints “In do” 11 times

• while
Syntax Example

while (<condition>) { int i = 0;

//stmt while ( i < 10 ) {
} System.out.println(“In while”); i++;
}

Result: “In while” 10 times

24
Flow Control – for loop

• for

Syntax Example

for ( initialize; condition; expression) for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{ {
// stmt System.out.println(“In for”);
} }

Result: Prints “In do” 10 times

25
Arrays and Strings – Arrays Declaration/Construction/Initialization

• Array Declaration
int myArray[];
int[] myArray;
double[][] doubleArray;
1 2 7 5 9 0
• Array Construction
int[] myArray = new int[5];
int[][] twoDimArray = new int[5][4]

• Array Initialization
int[] myArray = new int[5]; 7 5 2
for (int I = 0; I < 5; i++) { 8 1 3
myArray[i] = i++;
}

int[5] myArray = {1,2,3,4,5};

26
Arrays and Strings – Arrays Representation

Heap

1 2 3 4 5

myArray
int[ ] myArray = {1,2,3,4,5}
27
Arrays and Strings – Strings

• Creating String Objects

String myStr1 = new String(“abc”);
String myStr2 = “abc”;
abc

• Most frequently used String methods

- charAt (int index)

- compareTo (String str2)
- concat (String str2)
- equals (String str2)
- indexOf (int ch)
- length()
- replace (char oldChar, char newChar)
- substring (int beginIndex, int endIndex) String Constant Pool

28
Constructors

• Creates instances for Classes

• Same name as Class name Employee emp = new Employee()

• Can have any access modifier

• First statement should be a call to this() or
super()

public class Employee {

public int empid;
public String name;

public Employee(int empid) {

this.empid = empid;
}

public Employee(String name, int empid) {

this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
}
} 29
OOPS Explored - Abstraction

• Abstraction
Hide certain details and show only essential details

public abstract class Shape

{
String color;
public abstract double getArea();
}

public interface Shape

{
String static final String color = “BLACK”;
public abstract double getArea();
}

• Abstract class v/s interface

30
OOPS Explored - Encapsulation

I want to share
my wedding gift I can share my
only with my puppy video
friends with everyone

My YouTube videos

My YouTube videos

My Cute My Wedding
My Cute My Hawaii
Gift
puppy trip
cat
31
OOPS Explored - Encapsulation

• Encapsulation
Binding data and methods together

public class Employee

{
private String empName;
private int salary;

public String getSalary(String role)

{
if(“Manager”.equals(role)) {
return salary;
}
}

public String setSalary(String role, int newSal)

{
if (“Admin”.equals(role)) {
salary = newSal;
}
}
} 32
OOPS Explored - Inheritance

• Inheritance
Inherit the features of the superclass

public class Car //superclass

{
public int maxSpeed;
public String color;
public int getSafeSpeed() { return maxSpeed/2.5; }
}

public class Nissan extends Car //subclass

{
public boolean inteligentKey;
}

33
OOPS Explored - Polymorphism

• Polymorphism
One name, many forms

public abstract class Shape

{
public abstract int getArea();
}

public class Square extends Shape

{
public int getArea(int s) { return s*s; }
public int getArea() { retrun getArea(1); }
}

Public class Rectangle extends Shape

{
public int getArea(int length, int breadth) { return length * breadth; }
public int getArea() { return getArea(1,1); }
}

• Runtime v/s Compile time Polymorphism 34

OOPS Explored – Polymorphism - Example

public class Shape Shape s1 = new Shape();

{ s1.display();
public void display() {
System.out.println(“In Shape”); Square s2 = new Square ();
} s2.display();
}
public class Square extends Shape Shape s3 = new Square ();
{ s3.display();
public void display() {
System.out.println(“In Square”);
Square s4 = new Shape ();
}
s4.display();
}

s4
square
S3 shape
s2

s1 35
Exceptions – Exception Hierarchy

Throwable

Error Exception

Checked Unchecked
Exception Exception

36
Exceptions – Handling exceptions

• What do you do when an Exception occurs?

– Handle the exception using try/catch/finally
– Throw the Exception back to the calling method.

• Try/catch/finally
public class MyClass {
public void exceptionMethod() {
try {
// exception-block
} catch (Exception ex) {
// handle exception
} finally {
//clean-up
}
}
}
37
Exceptions – Handling exceptions

• Try/catch/finally - 2
public class MyClass {
public void exceptionMethod() {
try {
// exception-block
} catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
// handle exception
} catch (Exception ex) {
// handle exception
} finally { //clean-up }
}
}

• Using throws
public class MyClass {
public void exceptionMethod() throws Exception {
// exception-block
}
}
38
Exceptions – try-catch-finally flow

Put exception code in try

no Handle exceptions
In catch?

yes

Handle exception More exceptions Execute

In the catch block To handle? finally?

yes no
yes
Clean-up code
in finally

END
39
Garbage Collection

40
Garbage Collection

• What is Garbage Collection?

• Can we force Garbage Collection?

Runtime – gc()
System - gc()

• Making your objects eligible for Garbage Collection

– Reassign reference variable
– Set a null value
– Islands of isolation

41
Garbage Collection

A a = new A();
a.Name = ‘A1’; A1 A2
a = A2;
Reassign Reference

A a = new A();
a = null; A1
Set null

B
Islands Of Isolation
A C

42
Collections - Introduction

String student1 = “a”;

String student2 = “b”;
String student3 = “c”;
String student4 = “d”;
String student5 = “e”;
String student6 = “f”;

• Difficult to maintain multiple items of same type as

different variables

• Data-manipulation issues

• Unnecessary code

43
Collections – Arrays v/s Collections

abc def ghi jkl

Arrays

abc 123 new Person() def

Collections

44
Collections - Overview

LinkedHashSet

45
Collections – Collection types

• Three basic flavors of collections:

Lists - Lists of things (classes that implement List)
Sets - Unique things (classes that implement Set)
Maps - Things with a unique ID (classes that implement Map)

• The sub-flavors:
Ordered - You can iterate through the collection in a specific order.
Sorted - Collection is sorted in the natural order (alphabetical for
Strings).
Unordered
Unsorted

46
Collections – Lists

• ArrayList

 Resizable-array implementation of the List interface.

 Ordered collection.
 Should be considered when there is more of data retrieval than add/delete.
 Often used methods – add(), get(), remove(), set(), size()

• Vector
 Ordered collection
 To be considered when thread safety is a concern.
 Often used methods – add(), remove(), set(), get(), size()

• Linked List
 Ordered collection.
 Faster insertion/deletion and slower retrieval when compared to ArrayList

47
Collections – Set

• HashSet
 Not Sorted
 Not Ordered
 Should be used if only requirement is uniqueness
 Often used methods – add(), contains(), remove(), size()

• LinkedHashSet
 Not Sorted
 Ordered
 Subclass of HashSet
 Should be used if the order of elements is important

• TreeSet
 Sorted
 Ordered
 Should be used if you want to store objects in a sorted fashion
 Often used methods – first(), last(), add(), addAll(), subset()
48
Collections – Map

• HashMap
 Not Sorted, not ordered
 Can have one null key and any number of null values
 Not thread-safe
 Often used methods – get(), put(), containsKey(), keySet()

• Hashtable
 Not Sorted, not ordered
 Cannot have null keys or values
 Thread-safe

• LinkedHashMap
 Not sorted, but ordered

• TreeMap
 Sorted, ordered

49
Threads - Introduction

What are Threads/ Why Threads?

• A thread is a light-weight process.
• Used to provide the ability to perform multiple things at the same time.

method1()
thread1.start()

main() thread1.run()

Thread Creation
• There are 2 ways one can create a thread
– Extending the Thread Class
– Implementing the Runnable Interface
50
Threads - Introduction

maintenance
EXECUTION

Process report
User validation

TIME

maintenance
EXECUTION

Process report Multi-threaded

environment
User validation

51
TIME
Threads - Creation

Extending the Thread Class Implementing the Runnable Interface

public Class MyThread extends Thread public Class MyThread implements Runnable
{ {
public void run() public void run()
{ {
System.out.println(“In Thread”); System.out.println(“In Thread”);
} }
} }

To Invoke: To Invoke:
MyThread t1 = new MyThread(); MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start(); Thread t = new Thread(t1);
t.Start();

52
Threads – Thread Life cycle

T1 T2
T1
start blocked

T2 T1 T2 T1 T2
T1
runnable running end

53
Threads – Important Methods

From the Thread class

• public void start()
• public void run()
• public static void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException
• public static void yield()
• public final void join()
• public final void setPriority(int newPriority)
– Thread.MIN_PRIORITY : 1
– Thread.NORM_PRIORITY : 5
– Thread.MAX_PRIORITY : 10

From the Object class

• public final void wait()

• public final void notify()
• public final void notifyAll() 54
Threads – Synchronization

100 90acct = getAccount (123);

Account
Account
MyThread t1 = new MyThread(acct);
100 50 t2 = new MyThread(acct);
MyThread
t1.start();
100 140
t2.start();
shared object
public class Account {
private int bal;
private int acctId;
…
public Account(int acctId) {
this.acctId = acctId;
}
public boolean withdraw(int amt) {
if (bal > 0) { acct acct
// give money run() run()
// other related activities
bal = bal – amt;
} T1 stack T2 stack
} 55
}
56