Bluetooth Architecture and Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Architecture and Protocol Stack
ARCHITECTURE AND
PROTOCOL STACK
ADHWAITH K A
M2 CSE
BLUETOOTH LAYERS AND PROTOCOL STACK
• Bluetooth fills small niche of very short range communication between mobile phones,
notebook computers and other peripheral devices.
• Bluetooth is often categorised as personal area network because the communicating devices
typically belong to one individual or group and has a range of 10m.
• The basic Bluetooth network configuration, called a piconet.
• It consists of a master device and up to seven slave devices. Any communication is between
the master and a slave; the slaves do not communicate directly with each other.
• It uses frequency hopping to deal with interference in the communication band
• A slave device can be parked: set to an inactive, low-power state. A parked device cannot
communicate on the piconet; it can only be reactivated by the master
BLUETOOTH ARCHITECTURE
LAYER 1 :RADIO LAYER
• The Bluetooth radio layer corresponds to the physical layer of OSI model.
• It deals with transmission and modulation.
• The radio layer moves data from master to slave or vice versa..
• This band is divided into 79 channels of 1MHz each. Bluetooth uses the Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum (FHSS) method in the physical layer to avoid interference from other devices or networks.
• Bluetooth hops 1600 times per second, i.e. each device changes its modulation frequency 1600 times
per second.
• In order to change bits into a signal, it uses a version of FSK called GFSK i.e. FSK with Gaussian
bandwidth filtering.
LAYER 2 : BASEBAND LAYER
• If piconet has more than one slave, the master uses even numbered slots. The slave sends in the
next odd-numbered slot if the packet in the previous slot was addressed to it.
• In Baseband layer, two types of links can be created between a master and slave.
• These are:
• SCO is used for real time data such as sound. It is used where fast delivery is preferred over
accurate delivery.
• In a SCO link, a physical link is created between the master and slave by reserving specific
slots at regular intervals.
• Damaged packet; are not retransmitted over SCO links.
• A slave can have three SCO links with the master and can send data at 64 Kbps.
LAYER 3 : LINK MANAGER PROTOCOL
• The Link Manager is responsible for managing the physical details for Bluetooth
connections.
• It is responsible for creating the links, monitoring their health, and terminating them
gracefully upon command or failure.
• The link manager is implemented in a mix of hardware and software.
• The Link Manager carries out link setup, authentication, link configuration and other
protocols.
• It discovers other remote LM’s and communicates with them via the Link Manager
Protocol (LMP).
LAYER 4 : HOST CONTOLLER INTERFACE
• This is the layer of the stack that contains the firmware i.e. the software that actually
controls all the activities happening in the Baseband and Radio layers.
• It provides a common interface between the Bluetooth host and a Bluetooth module.
• It manages the hardware links with the scatternets. It also contains the drivers for the
hardware devices used in the connection.
• Basically the BIOS is loaded in the HCI Layer.
LAYER 5 : LOGICAL LINK, CONTROL ADAPTATION
PROTOCOL LAYER (L2CAP)
• The logical unit link control adaptation protocol is equivalent to logical link
control sublayer of LAN.
• The ACL link uses L2CAP for data exchange but SCO channel does not use it.
• The various function of L2CAP is:
Segmentation and reassembly
• L2CAP receives the packets from upper layers and divides them into frames for
transmission. It adds extra information to define the location of frame in the
original packet.
• The L2CAP reassembles the frame into packets again at the destination.
Multiplexing
• L2CAP handles quality of service requirements, both when links are established and
during normal operation.
• It also enables the devices to negotiate the maximum payload size during connection
establishment.
LAYER 6 : RADIO FREEQUENCY COMMUNICATION