Welcome

Index
Introductions
Objectives
Declaration of Lesson
Presentation:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Group works
Pair to pair work
Evaluation
Homework
Thanks
 Introductions
Md. Abdur Rahim Class: Nine
Assistant Teacher (ICT) Sub: English 2nd
Paper
Hazi Wazed Ali Secondary School Unit: Seven
Bheramara, Kushtia Lesson-1,2: Narration
 Objectives
By the end of the lesson you will have
learnt the difference between direct and
indirect speeches.
learnt the rules of narration according to
tenses.
learnt the changing the direct speech of
statement or assertive sentence into
indirect speech
Declaration of Lesson
In our speech, we often speak to the other
person of some thing that was said to us by
somebody. In other
words, we often report a speech whether
ours or someone else’s. We do this in two
ways. We either report the
speech exactly as we had heard or said it
without making any change. This is called
Direct Speech.
Example: The girl said to her mother, “My
plate is empty.”
Or we may change the sentence that we had
heard or said without changing its meaning
and then report it.
This is called Indirect Speech.
Example: The girl said to her mother that her
plate was empty.
In the first example, the first part of the
sentence which is before the comma, is
referred to as reporting verb
and the part which is within inverted
commas is called the reported speech.
Rules of transforming from direct into indirect
we have made several changes in the sentence above :
1. We have removed the comma in the indirect sentence and
put that in its place.
2. We have removed the inverted commas of the reported
speech.
3. We have changed the my of the reported speech into her.
4. We have not used any capital letter in between the sentence
unlike in the direct form where the reported
speech always begins with a capital letter.
Now, in order to bring about these changes while converting
from direct into indirect or vice-versa, there are
several important but simple rules that need to be observed.
They are :
 Changes in Tense and Verb:
While changing from direct to indirect we have to make
different changes
regarding tenses, verbs or helping verb. A short list is given
below to have a look on those changes:
Change of Tenses
Direct Indirect
Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Indefinite Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect No change
Past Perfect Continuous No change
If the reporting verb, i.e. the main verb in the first part of the
sentence before comma is in the present or the
future tense, the tense of the verbs in the reported speech will not
change.
Examples
Direct : Mummy says, “I shall write a letter.”
Indirect : Mummy says that she will write a letter.
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the verbs in the
reported speech will be changed into
their corresponding past tense.
Examples
Direct : The boy said to his friend. “I write everyday.” (Present
Indefinite)
Indirect : The boy said to his friend that he wrote everyday. (Past
Indefinite)
Direct : The boy said to the teacher, “I am going there everyday.”
(Present Continuous)
Indirect : The boy said to the teacher that he was going there
everyday. (Past Continuous)
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the simple past In the
reported speech may become the past perfect
in the Indirect.
Examples
Direct : He said, “The horse died in the night.” (Simple Past)
Indirect : He said that the horse had died in the night. (Past Perfect)
Direct : He said, “The man came at six.” (Simple Past)
Indirect : He said that the man had come at six. (Past Perfect)
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the past continuous in the
reported speech changes into the past
perfect continuous.
Examples
Direct : He said, “The man was coming.” (Past Continuous)
Indirect : He said that the man had been coming. (Past Perfect
Continuous)
Direct : He said, “Rain was falling yesterday.” (Past Continuous)
Indirect : He said that rain had been failing the previous day. (Past
Perfect Continuous)
 Change of person:
The persons of the pronouns and of the verbs In the reported speech undergo
changes
when converted Into indirect form. Thus :
First person pronouns in the direct reporter speech change according to the
subject of the reporting verb.
The other changes are given in the table below :
Direct Indirect
Ram said I Ram said that he
“ we “ they
“ my “ his
Direct : He says, “I am going to Delhi.
Indirect : He says that he is going to Delhi.
Direct : Mummy says, “I will have to go.”`
Indirect : Mummy says that she will have to go.
Second person pronouns change according to the noun or pronoun coming after
the reporting verbs.
Second person changes to third, if there is no mention of second person in the
reporting verb part, so :
Direct Indirect
You He
Your His/Her
You (Plural) They
Your (Plural) Their
You (Object) Him/Her
You (Object) Them
Yours (object) Theirs
But if there ismention of you (second person) in the direct speech, you in the
indirect speech remains unchanged.
Direct : Ram said to you, “You are a good boy.”
Indirect : Ram said to you that you were a good boy.
So :
Direct Indirect
You You
You (Plural) You
Your Your
Your (Plural) Your
You (Object) You (Object)
Examples
Direct : I said to Mohan, “You will have to read.”
Indirect : I said to Mohan that he would have to read.
Direct : Ram said to you, “You are wrong.”
Indirect : Ram said to you that you were wrong.
Third person pronouns of the direct speech remain unchanged when
converted to indirect.
Examples
Direct : Sita said to me, “He will be defeated.”
Indirect : Sita said to me that he would be defeated.
Direct : She said, “He has come.”
Indirect : She said that he had come,
4. Said to : If the reporting verb said to is followed by an object, it
Is changed into told while converting it into
indirect speech.
Examples
Direct : She said to her mother, “I have done my work.”
Indirect : She told her mother that she had done her work.
Direct : He said to me, “There is no more water.”
Indirect : He told me that there was no more water.
Note: If there is mention of first person in the reporting
verb part, then second person in the direct (reported)
speech changes to first person., e.g.,
Direct : Ram said to me, “You are a good boy.”
Indirect : Ram told me that I was a good boy.
Direct Indirect
You (Singular) I
You (Plural) We
Your (Singular) My
Your (Plural) Our
You (Object, Singular) Me
You (Object, Plural) Us
 If the reported speech has two actions which are both in the past
continuous tense, its tense will not change
while converting into indirect speech.
Example
Direct : She said, “The cat was running and the dog was chasing
it.”
Indirect : She said that the cat was running and the dog was chasing
it.
Similarly, if the reported speech is in the past tense and indicates
time or period, its tense will not change.
Example
Direct : She said, “I worked in Delhi for two years.”
Indirect : She said that she worked in Delhi for two years.
Must and need not
(a) In some cases, must and need not are used in place of have to.
Examples
Direct : lie said, “I must go now.”
Indirect : He said that he had to go then.
Direct : He said, “I need not go.”
Indirect : He said that he will not have to go.
(b) Must is used in place of shall have to when it expresses necessity or compulsion.
Examples
Direct : He said, “I must finish this book on Monday.”
Indirect : He said that he would have to finish that book on Monday.
Direct : He said, “I need not write this essay.”
Indirect : He said that he would not have to write that essay.
(b) Must sometimes indicates an order or a command.
Note: But in some sentences when must indicates some kind of advice or suggestion
and compulsion; in
those sentences must remains must.
Example
Direct : The policeman said to us, “You must not cross the road against the red light.”
Indirect : The policeman told us that we must not cross the road against the red light.
 Group works
Change the following sentence into into indirect
speech
a) The boy says, “My father is working abroad.”
b) He said to me, “I shall help you”
c) Anwar said to them, “You were absent from
the class yesterday.”
d) Kamal said to me, “ I shall go to Dhaka
tomorrow.”
 Pair to pair works
Change the following sentence into into
indirect speech
a) The boy said to me, “My father went to
Dhaka yesterday.”
b) He said to me, “I must help you”
c) He said, “The earth moves round the
sun.”
d) Kamal said to me, “ You were a fool.”
 Evaluation
How many kinds of speech are there?
What are they?
What do you mean by direct speech?
What do you mean by indirect speech?
What is the difference between direct and indirect speech?
Change the following speech into indirect:
He said , “I am reading a book.”
They said to us,”He will meet me”
 Homework
a)She said, “I worked in Delhi for two years.”
b)The boy said to his friend. “I write
everyday.”
c)He said, “The man was coming.”
d)They said to me,”You have done well”
e)He said, I have been learning English.