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Data and Computer Communications: - Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

Circuit switching establishes a dedicated path for the duration of a connection, which can lead to inefficient use of bandwidth. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and reassembled at the destination. Frame relay was developed to eliminate much of the overhead of X.25, providing a more efficient way to transmit data over packet-switched networks.

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82 views41 pages

Data and Computer Communications: - Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

Circuit switching establishes a dedicated path for the duration of a connection, which can lead to inefficient use of bandwidth. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and reassembled at the destination. Frame relay was developed to eliminate much of the overhead of X.25, providing a more efficient way to transmit data over packet-switched networks.

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Anonymous zN7CjfgnE
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 10 – Circuit Switching and
Packet Switching

Eighth Edition
by William Stallings

Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown


Circuit Switching and Packet
Switching

He got into a District Line train at Wimbledon


Park, changed on to the Victoria Line at
Victoria and on to the Jubilee Line at Green
Park for West Hampstead. It was a long and
awkward journey but he enjoyed it.
—King Solomon's Carpet, Barbara Vine (Ruth
Rendell)
Switched Network
Nodes
 a collection of nodes and connections is a
communications network
 nodes may connect to other nodes only, or to
stations and other nodes
 network is usually partially connected
 some redundant connections are desirable
 have two different switching technologies
 circuit switching

 packet switching
Circuit Switching
 uses a dedicated path between two stations
 has three phases
 establish
 transfer
 disconnect
 inefficient
 channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection
 if no data, capacity wasted
 set up (connection) takes time
 once connected, transfer is transparent
Public Circuit Switched
Network
Circuit Establishment
Circuit
Switch
Elements
Blocking or Non-blocking
 blocking network
 may be unable to connect stations because
all paths are in use
 used on voice systems
 non-blocking network
 permits all stations to connect at once
 used for some data connections
Space Division Switch
3 Stage Space Division Switch
E.g. Banyan Switch (ATM)
0 0
1 1
100 2 2
3 3

4 4
011 5 5
6 6
7 7

0 1 0 1
Time Division Switching
 modern digital systems use intelligent
control of space & time division elements
 use digital time division techniques to set
up and maintain virtual circuits
 partition low speed bit stream into pieces
that share higher speed stream
 individual pieces manipulated by control
logic to flow from input to output
Time-division Switching
Time-division Switching (cont)
 Control of a TDM bus switch
1 X
2 X
3 X
4 X
5 X
6 X
13
25
Control 46 Control
memory logic
31
52
64
Traditional Circuit Switching
Softswitch
Packet Switching
 circuit switching was designed for voice
 packet switching was designed for data
 transmitted in small packets
 packets contains user data and control info
 user data may be part of a larger message
 control info includes routing (addressing) info
 packets are received, stored briefly (buffered)
and past on to the next node
Packet Switching
Advantages
 line efficiency
 single link shared by many packets over time
 packets queued and transmitted as fast as possible
 data rate conversion
 stations connects to local node at own speed
 nodes buffer data if required to equalize rates
 packets accepted even when network is busy
 priorities can be used
Switching Techniques
 stationbreaks long message into packets
 packets sent one at a time to the network
 packets can be handled in two ways
 datagram
 virtual circuit
Datagram
Diagram
Virtual
Circuit
Diagram
Virtual Circuits vs. Datagram
 virtual circuits
 network can provide sequencing and error
control
 packets are forwarded more quickly
 less reliable
 datagram
 no call setup phase
 more flexible
 more reliable
Packet
Size
Circuit vs. Packet Switching
 Table 10.1
 performance depends on various delays
 propagation delay
 transmission time
 node delay
 range of other characteristics, including:
 transparency
 amount of overhead
Event Timing
X.25
 ITU-T standard for interface between host
and packet switched network
 almost universal on packet switched
networks and packet switching in ISDN
 defines three layers
 Physical
 Link
 Packet
X.25 - Physical
 interface
between station node link
 two ends are distinct
 Data Terminal Equipment DTE (user
equipment)
 Data Circuit-terminating Equipment DCE
(node)
 physicallayer specification is X.21
 can substitute alternative such as EIA-232
X.25 - Link
 Link Access Protocol Balanced (LAPB)
 Subset of HDLC
 see chapter 7
 provides reliable transfer of data over link
 sending as a sequence of frames
X.25 - Packet
 provides a logical connections (virtual
circuit) between subscribers
 all data in this connection form a single
stream between the end stations
 established on demand
 termed external virtual circuits
X.25 Use of Virtual Circuits
User Data and X.25 Protocol
Control Information
Issues with X.25
 key features include:
 call control packets, in band signaling
 multiplexing of virtual circuits at layer 3
 layers 2 and 3 include flow and error control
 hence have considerable overhead
 not appropriate for modern digital systems
with high reliability
Frame Relay
 designed to eliminate most X.25 overhead
 has large installed base
 key differences:
 call control carried in separate logical connection
 multiplexing and switching at layer 2
 no hop by hop error or flow control
 hence end to end flow and error control (if used) are
done by higher layer
 a single user data frame is sent from source to
destination and higher layer ACK sent back
Advantages and
Disadvantages
 lostlink by link error and flow control
 increased reliability means less an issue
 streamlined communications process
 lower delay
 higher throughput
 framerelay can be used for access
speeds up to and over 2Mbps
Protocol Architecture
LAPF Functionality
 LAPF (Link Access Procedure for Frame Mode
Bearer Services) defined in Q.922
 only core functionality used:
 frame delimiting, alignment and transparency
 frame mux and demux using addressing field
 ensure frame is integral number of octets
 ensure frame is neither too long nor short
 detection of transmission errors
 congestion control functions
 form sub-layer of data link layer
 data transfer between subscribers only
Frame Relay Data Link
Connections
 logical connection between subscribers
 data transferred over them
 not protected by flow or error control
 uses separate connection for call control
 overall results in significantly less work in
network
User Data Transfer
 only have one frame type which
 carries user data
 no control frames means
 no inband signaling
 no sequence numbers
 flagand FCS function as in HDLC
 address field carries DLCI
 DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) has
local significance only
Summary
 circuit
verses packet switching network
approaches
 X.25
 frame relay

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