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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

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47 views11 pages

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

sy dapatkan dari sumber2 yg ada di google.. lupa link.. maaf sy gk mengatasnamakan bahwa ini sy yg buat...

Uploaded by

Ryan Maulana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Arithmetic logic unit

(ALU)
 Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU
concept in 1945, when he wrote a report on the foundations
for a new computer called the EDVAC.
What is an ALU?

 The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central


processing unit of a computer, and even the
simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes
such as maintaining timers.
 The processors found inside modern CPUs and
graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very
powerful and very complex ALUs
 An ALU must process numbers using the same
formats as the rest of the digital circuit. The format of
modern processors is almost always the two's
complement binary number representation.
 Early computers used a wide variety of number
systems, including ones' complement, two's
complement, sign-magnitude format, and even true
decimal systems, with various representation of the
digits.
 Most of a processor's operations are performed by one
or more ALUs. An ALU loads data from input registers.
 Then an external control unit tells the ALU what operation
to perform on that data
 then the ALU stores its result into an output register. The
control unit is responsible for moving the processed data
between these registers, ALU and memory.
Complex operations
 Engineers can design an arithmetic logic unit to calculate
most operations. The more complex the operation, the
more expensive the ALU is, the more space it uses in the
processor, and the more power it dissipates.

 Therefore, engineers compromise. They make the ALU


powerful enough to make the processor fast, yet not so
complex as to become prohibitive. For example, computing
the square root of a number might use:
 Therefore, engineers compromise. They make the
ALU powerful enough to make the processor fast, yet
not so complex as to become prohibitive. For
example, computing the square root of a number
might use:
1. Calculation in a single clock Design an extraordinarily complex
ALU that calculates the square root of any number in a
single step.
2. Calculation pipeline Design a very complex ALU that calculates
the square root of any number in several steps. The
intermediate results go through a series of circuits arranged like
a factory production line. The ALU can accept new numbers to
calculate even before having finished the previous ones. The
ALU can now produce numbers as fast as a single-clock ALU,
although the results start to flow out of the ALU only after an
initial delay.
3. Iterative calculation Design a complex ALU that
calculates the square root through several steps. This
usually relies on control from a complex control unit with
built-in microcode.
4.Co-processor Design a simple ALU in the processor,
and sell a separate specialized and costly processor that
the customer can install just beside this one, and
implements one of the options above.
.
6. Software libraries Tell the programmers that there is no co-
processor and there is no emulation, so they will have to write
their own algorithms to calculate square roots bysoftware.
7. Software emulation Emulate the existence of the co-
processor. Whenever a program attempts to perform the
square root calculation, make the processor check if there is a
co-processor present and use it if there is one; if there is not
one, interrupt the processing of the program and invoke
the operating system to perform the square root calculation
through some software algorithm.
Inputs and outputs
 The inputs to the ALU are the data to be operated on
(called operands) and a code from the control
unit indicating which operation to perform. Its output is the
result of the computation. One thing designers must keep in
mind is whether the ALU will operate on big-endian or little-
endian numbers.(refer to the convention used to interpret
the bytes making up a data word when those bytes are
stored in computer memory.)
 In many designs, the ALU also takes or generates inputs or
outputs a set of condition codes from or to a status register.
These codes are used to indicate cases such as carry-in or
carry-out, overflow, divide-by-zero, etc.

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