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Data Analysis and Discussion

This document discusses data analysis and organization. It defines data analysis as making sense of collected data through methods such as summarization, interpretation of relationships and trends. Both qualitative and quantitative data can be collected through various methods like interviews, surveys, and experiments. The document outlines steps for organizing data such as reading, classifying, and preparing tables/graphs. Quantitative data analysis involves descriptive and inferential statistics as well as T-tests and ANOVA. Qualitative data analysis includes content analysis, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, framework analysis, and grounded theory. Coding, identifying themes/patterns, and summarization are key steps in qualitative data analysis.

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Dalel Nasri Kalboussi
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401 views

Data Analysis and Discussion

This document discusses data analysis and organization. It defines data analysis as making sense of collected data through methods such as summarization, interpretation of relationships and trends. Both qualitative and quantitative data can be collected through various methods like interviews, surveys, and experiments. The document outlines steps for organizing data such as reading, classifying, and preparing tables/graphs. Quantitative data analysis involves descriptive and inferential statistics as well as T-tests and ANOVA. Qualitative data analysis includes content analysis, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, framework analysis, and grounded theory. Coding, identifying themes/patterns, and summarization are key steps in qualitative data analysis.

Uploaded by

Dalel Nasri Kalboussi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Analysis and

discussion
ORGANIZING AND ANANLYZING

Presented by: Dalel Nasri Kalboussi


Outline:

 Data analysis: definition


 Methods of collecting data
 Organizing Data
 Analyzing data
Data Analysis

 A crucial part of every research


 is the process of making sense out of the data. (Merriam,1988)
 Summary of data collection ( into charts, graphs, tables..)
 Interpretation of the collected data: relationships , trends…
 Organisation
Data

‘Data that is represented either in a verbal or narrative format is


qualitative data. These types of data are collected through focus
groups, interviews, opened ended questionnaire items, and other less
structured situations. A simple way to look at qualitative data is to think
of qualitative data in the form of words’

Introduction to Data Analysis Handbook, Migrant & Seasonal Head Start Technical Assistance
Center Academy for Educational Development Contract with DHHS/ACF/OHS/Migrant and Seasonal
Program Branch, P13
Data

 Can be qualitative or quantitative:

Quantitative:
. numercial : can put be in graph and can be measured

. Discrete: data that you can count ( eg :number of people)

. Continous: data that you can measure/categorical ( eg: time ,


age ..;etc)
Qualitative: descriptive ( texture of smthg, colour …etc)

 Nominal : not ordered ( eg : gender)

 Ordinal: ordered ( degree of pain)


Figure 2: Showing type of
variables in data
analysis

Labani S, Wadhwa K, Asthana S. Basic Approach to Data Analysis and Writing of Results and Discussion
Sections. MAMC J Med Sci [serial online] 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 31];3:6-15
Available from: http://www.mamcjms.in/text.asp?2017/3/1/6/201104
Methods of data collection

 Qualitative data are collected through:

interviews

Longitudinal
studies

observations
Document
survey

Tests
Quantitative Data

 collected though:

Experiments

Sampling

Structured
interviews
Organizing data

 Read and reread the data


 Classification of data to make it useful.
 Files naming: use meaningful abbreviations
 Prepare tables or graphs
 Check accuracy
 Meeting with your supervisor to help process data.
Analyzing Data

 The process of data analysis is eclectic; there is no 'right way'.


(Tesch, 1990)

 Quantitative date vs. qualitative data


Analyzing Quantitative data:

 there are two ways in which data are analyzed:


 Descriptive Statistics
 Procedures used to describe a given collection of data.
 The purpose is to describe the sample at hand
 the collection of cases that we have examined.
 Inferential Statistics
 Procedures that let us generalize our findings beyond the particular
sample at hand to the larger population represented by that sample.
Quantitative data

 The T test ( SPSS) : ‘is used to determine if two groups or levels of an


independent variable differ on a dependent variable’ P 122
 http://www.slideshare.net/sspink/seminar-on-spss
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTHvlEzS7qQ
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HT0Skh2UP1U&feature=related
 http://calcnet.mth.cmich.edu/org/spss/toc.htm
 analysis of variance (ANOVA) : ‘is used to determine if three or more
groups or levels of an independent variable differ on a dependent
variable. Analysis of variance is the logical extension of a t test’

 Qualtrics: web based software, used to create surveys and reports.


http://qualtrics.com/university/researchsuite/reporting/cross-
tabs/about-cross-tabulations/
Analyzing Qualitative data

 Can be divided to five categories:

Framework
Content
analysis
analysis
Discourse
analysis

Narrative Grounded
analysis Theory
Analysis of Qualitative data

 Content analysis: ‘the process of categorizing verbal or behavioural


data to classify, summarize it’
 Narrative analysis: revision of the primary data.
 Discourse analysis : analysis of natural discourse.
 Framework analysis : coding , charting ,mapping..;etc
 Grounded theory: This approach refers to theory that is “grounded in
or developed inductively from a set of data”
Qualitative data analysis is conducted through the following
three steps:

 Step one : Coding : organization of data


Open coding. organization of raw data.
Axial coding. linking the categories of codes.
Selective coding. Formulating ideas throung connections of codes

 Coding can be manual or by softwares: NVivo, Atlas ti 6.0, HyperRESEARCH


2.8, Max QDA
Example of coding:

A study into advantages and disadvantages of various entry strategies


to Chinese market

 Elements to be Coded: Market entry strategies

 Codes: franchising , importing , exporting..;etc


Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns and relationships

 Scan primarily data


 Compare your findings with the results found in the review of the
litterature
 Search for gaps or missing information.
Step 3: summarizing

 Establish relationships between findings.

 Link the results to your research topic.


References:

 Labani S, Wadhwa K, Asthana S. Basic Approach to Data Analysis


and Writing of Results and Discussion Sections. MAMC J Med Sci
2017;3:6-15
 Creswell, J.W.(2009). Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods
Approach, chapter 9, Qualitative Procedures.
 Herbert W.S,Elana.S.(1989).Second language research
methods.London.Oxford university press
 Scott.W , Deirdre.J(2009).Research methods for everyday life:
blending qualitative and quantitative approaches.San
Francisco.John wiley and sons.
 Data analysis. Retrieved from :https://research-
methodology.net/research-methods/data-analysis/qualitative-
data-analysis/
Thank you for you
attention

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