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Digital Transmission Transmittal of Digital Signals Between Two or More Points in A Communication System

Digital transmission involves converting analog signals into a digital format for transmission. The key advantages are noise immunity, higher transmission rates, and ease of processing. Pulse code modulation (PCM) is commonly used, which involves sampling analog signals, quantizing the samples into discrete levels, and encoding the levels into binary codes for transmission. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency per the Nyquist theorem. Quantization maps infinite amplitude values to a finite set, introducing quantization error. Coding then assigns binary codes to the quantized levels.

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Lharie Mae Becina
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68 views28 pages

Digital Transmission Transmittal of Digital Signals Between Two or More Points in A Communication System

Digital transmission involves converting analog signals into a digital format for transmission. The key advantages are noise immunity, higher transmission rates, and ease of processing. Pulse code modulation (PCM) is commonly used, which involves sampling analog signals, quantizing the samples into discrete levels, and encoding the levels into binary codes for transmission. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency per the Nyquist theorem. Quantization maps infinite amplitude values to a finite set, introducing quantization error. Coding then assigns binary codes to the quantized levels.

Uploaded by

Lharie Mae Becina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Transmission

Transmittal of digital signals


between two or more points in a
communication system
Advantages

• Produces fewer errors; noise immunity


• Permits higher maximum transmission rates
• Easy to process and combine( multiplexing
and DSP)
• More efficient
• More secure
Disadvantages

•Greater Bandwidth
•Circuit Complexity
Pulse Code Modulation

• Pulse Modulation consists essentially of sampling


analog information signals and then converting
those samples into discrete pulses and transporting
the pulses from a source to a destination over a
physical transmission medium
ANALOG TO DIGITAL ENCODING
PCM PROCESSES
SAMPLING METHODS
What are the restrictions on Ts?

According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must


be at least 2 times the highest frequency contained in the
signal.
ILLUSTRATION OF NYQUIST THEOREM
PAM
QUANTIZATION

• Process of converting an infinite number of


possibilities to a finite number of conditions
• Process of rounding off the amplitudes of flat-top
samples to a manageable levels
• Sampling results in a series of pulses of varying
amplitude values ranging between two limits: a
Vmin and a Vmax.
• The amplitude values are infinite between the two
limits.
• We need to map the infinite amplitude values onto
a finite set of known values.
• This is achieved by dividing the distance
between min and max into L zones, each of
height 
 = (Vmax - Vmin)/L
• The midpoint of each zone is assigned a value from
0 to L-1 (resulting in L values)
• Each sample falling in a zone is then approximated
to the value of the midpoint.
ASSIGNING CODES TO ZONES

• Each zone is then assigned a binary code.


• The number of bits required to encode the zones,
or the number of bits per sample as it is commonly
referred to, is obtained as follows:
nb = log2 L
QUANTIZED PAM SIGNAL
QUANTIZING USING SIGN-MAGNITUDE
CODE
PCM
QUANTIZATION ERROR

When a signal is quantized, we introduce an error - the


coded signal is an approximation of the actual amplitude
value.
DYNAMIC RANGE

• Ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the


smallest possible magnitude that can be decoded
by the DAC in the receiver
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝐷𝑅 =
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝐷𝑅 =
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛
• 𝐷𝑅 = 2 − 1
CODING EFFICIENCY

• A numerical indication of how efficiently a PCM


code is utilized.
• Ratio of the minimum number of bits required to
achieve a certain dynamic range to the actual
number of PCM bits used.
CODING

•The last step in PCM


•CODING METHODS
•level-at-a-Time Coding
•Digit-at-a-Time Coding
•Word-at-a-Time Coding
BIT RATE AND BANDWIDTH
REQUIREMENTS OF PCM
• The bit rate of a PCM signal can be calculated
from the number of bits per sample x the sampling
rate
Bit rate = nb x fs
PCM Bandwidth
DELTA MODULATION

• This scheme sends only the difference between


pulses, if the pulse at time tn+1 is higher in amplitude
value than the pulse at time tn, then a single bit,
say a “1”, is used to indicate the positive value.
• If the pulse is lower in value, resulting in a negative
value, a “0” is used.
• This scheme works well for small changes in signal
values between samples.
• If changes in amplitude are large, this will result in
large errors.
FROM ANALOG TO PCM

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