Microprocessor Systems

LECTURE NO: 01

By: Engr. Humair Narejo

Microprocessor
A Microprocessor, popularly known as “computer on a chip” in its
early days, is a general purpose central processing unit (CPU)
fabricated on a single integrated circuit (IC) and is a complete digital
computer.
It is a small but very powerful electronic brain that operates at a
blistering speed and is often used to carry out instructions of a
computer program in order to perform arithmetic and logical
operations, storing the data, system control, input / output
operations etc. as per the instructions.
Microprocessor
The key term in the definition of a microprocessor is “general
purpose”. It means that, with the help of a microprocessor, one can
build a simple system or a large and complex machine around it with
a few extra components as per the application.
The main task of a microprocessor is to accept data as input from
input devices then process this data according to the instructions
and provide the result of these instructions as output through
output devices.
Microprocessor
There are five important components in a microprocessor.
They are Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).
Control Unit.
Registers.
Instruction Decoder and Data Bus.
The block diagram of a microprocessor
with these basic components.
The internal structure of a
microprocessor
Why Microprocessor for Electrical
Engineering.
Electrical Engineering can be divided into 5 parts
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Utilization
4. Measurement
5. Control
Electrical Control can be divided into two parts
1. Manual
2. Automatic
Automatic Control can be divided into two parts
1. Magnetic
2. Electronics
Why Microprocessor for Electrical
Engineering.
Electronics circuits can be divided into two parts
1. Discrete Circuits
2. Integrated Circuit
Integrated Circuit can be divided into two parts
1. Fixed
2. Flexible

Flexible Integrated Circuit can be divided into two parts

1. Configurable
2. Programmable
Fixed Integrated Circuits - application-specific integrated circuit ASIC (Hardware)
Configurable Integrated Circuits - field-programmable gate array FPGA (VLSI)
Programmable Integrated Circuits - Embedded (Microprocessor)
Also following fields where
microprocessors are dominating.
Universal Data Acquisition and Control System :- This includes Voltage Control,
Automatic Switching Sequence, Automatic reclosing, generator sequence
control, generator efficiency monitoring, revenue metering collection, alarm
logging, fault level monitoring.
Integrated Substation Control System :- These are mutly processor system
which provides full control over data-base updating, output execution,
automatic execution of selected sequence.
Integrated Control and Protection Systems :- Under this concept, both control
and protective relaying functions are combined in one system.
Also following fields where
microprocessors are dominating.
SCADA System :- These are the first systems where microporocessors entered in
electrical field, Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are
typically used by utilities such as power, Oil & Gas, water and waste
management, etc. SCADA systems are also used by Process Industries including
petrochemicals, fertilizers, cement, paper and pulp, steel industries, and
aluminum plants.
Unconventional Monitoring Systems :- one of the example of this is system
designed for the power transformer, these systems are for monitoring power
transformer parameters such as saturation curves, over excitation, gas content,
partial discharges and insulation damages, etc.
Using micro-processor based system not only you can monitor but also analyses
the operational state of electrical machines.
Memory Locations And Operations
The (main) memory can be modeled as an array of millions of adjacent cells,
each capable of storing a binary digit (bit), having value of 1 or 0.
These cells are organized in the form of groups of fixed number, say n, of cells
that can be dealt with as an atomic entity.
An entity consisting of 8 bits is called a byte.
In many systems, the entity consisting of n bits that can be stored and retrieved
in and out of the memory using one basic memory operation is called a word
(the smallest addressable entity).
Typical size of a word ranges from 16 to 64 bits.
Memory Locations And Operations
It is, however, customary to express the size of the memory in terms
of bytes.
It is, however, customary to express the size of the memory in terms
of bytes.
For example, the size of a typical memory of a personal computer is
256 Mbytes, that is,
256X220 = 228 bytes.
Memory Read/Write Operation
In order to be able to move a word in and out of the memory, a
distinct address has to be assigned to each word.
This address will be used to determine the location in the memory in
which a given word is to be stored.
This is called a memory write operation.
Similarly, the address will be used to determine the memory location
from which a word is to be retrieved from the memory.
This is called a memory read operation.
Memory Read/Write Operation
The number of bits, L, needed to distinctly address M words in a
memory is given by
L= log2 M.
For example,
if the size of the memory is 64 M (read as 64 megawords),
then the number of bits in the address is
log2 (64X220) = log2 (226) = 26bits.
Memory Read/Write Operation
Alternatively,
if the number of bits in the address is L,
then the maximum memory size (in terms of the number of words
that can be addressed using these L bits) is
M = 2L .
Memory Read/Write Operation
Three basic steps are needed in order for the CPU to perform a write
operation into a specified memory location:
1. The word to be stored into the memory location is first loaded by the
CPU into a specified register, called the memory data register (MDR).
2. The address of the location into which the word is to be stored is
loaded by the CPU into a specified register, called the memory address
register (MAR).
3. A signal, called write, is issued by the CPU indicating that the word
stored in the MDR is to be stored in the memory location whose address
in loaded in the MAR.
Memory Read/Write Operation
the operation of writing the word given by 7E (in hex) into the
memory location whose address is 2005.
Part a of the figure shows the status of the registers and memory
locations involved in the write operation before the execution of the
operation.
Part b of the figure shows the status after the execution of the
operation.
Memory Read/Write Operation
three basic steps are needed in order to perform a memory read
operation:
1. The address of the location from which the word is to be read is
loaded into the MAR.
2. A signal, called read, is issued by the CPU indicating that the word
whose address is in the MAR is to be read into the MDR.
3. After some time, corresponding to the memory delay in reading
the specified word, the required word will be loaded by the memory
into the MDR ready for use by the CPU.
Illustration of the memory write
operation
Illustration of the memory read
operation