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Chemical Process Instrumentation: Pressure Measurement: Moderate and High Pressure Measuring Instruments

This document discusses two common elastic pressure transducers: bellows pressure gauges and diaphragm pressure gauges. [1] Bellows pressure gauges use the axial deflection of a flexible bellows element made of elastic materials like brass or bronze to measure lower pressures ranging from 5 inches of water to 100 psi. [2] Diaphragm pressure gauges measure pressure differences by the deflection of a flexible diaphragm, which can be made of metals or nonmetals, and can indicate both absolute and differential pressures. Multiple corrugated diaphragms can be cascaded in a capsule to increase sensitivity. [3] Typical measurement ranges are from 0-5 psig for

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92 views15 pages

Chemical Process Instrumentation: Pressure Measurement: Moderate and High Pressure Measuring Instruments

This document discusses two common elastic pressure transducers: bellows pressure gauges and diaphragm pressure gauges. [1] Bellows pressure gauges use the axial deflection of a flexible bellows element made of elastic materials like brass or bronze to measure lower pressures ranging from 5 inches of water to 100 psi. [2] Diaphragm pressure gauges measure pressure differences by the deflection of a flexible diaphragm, which can be made of metals or nonmetals, and can indicate both absolute and differential pressures. Multiple corrugated diaphragms can be cascaded in a capsule to increase sensitivity. [3] Typical measurement ranges are from 0-5 psig for

Uploaded by

lvrevathi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMICAL PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION

Pressure Measurement: Moderate and High


Pressure Measuring Instruments
(WEEK – 5: LECTURE - 24)

Dr. Debasis Sarkar


Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

1
Pressure Measurement

Today’s Topic:

 Bellows Pressure Gauge (Elastic element)


 Diaphragm Pressure Gauge (Elastic element)

2
Elastic Pressure Transducer: Bellows Pressure Gauge
• A bellows element is a one piece expansible, collapsible, and axially flexible
member. Bellows are essentially thin walled cylindrical shells with deep
convolutions and are sealed at one end. The sealed end will undergo axial
displacement when pressure is applied at the open end.

• Bellows are made of materials with good elastic property such as: brass,
phosphor bronze, beryllium copper etc. Stainless steel (not highly elastic) is
also sometimes used for its anti-corrosive property. Carbon steel is easily
corroded and difficult to machine.

3
Bellows Pressure Gauge
• Bellows are used for measuring
lower pressures.
• Nominal range: 5 in of water to
100 psi
• Spring can be used to
determine the range.
• Bellows are more sensitive
than Bourdon type gauge.

4
Bellows Pressure Gauge

Differential pressure measurement Absolute pressure measurement

5
Elastic Pressure Transducer: Diaphragm Pressure
P1 Gauge Diaphragm is a flexible disk,
usually with concentric
corrugations. A diaphragm
converts pressure to deflection.
P2 A diaphragm usually is
designed so that the
deflection-versus-pressure
relationship is linear or nearly
linear over a specified
pressure range

6
Elastic Pressure Transducer: Diaphragm Pressure
Gauge
• Diaphragm pressure gages are based on the deflection of a flexible membrane
that separates regions of different pressures.

• The deformation of a thin diaphragm is dependent on the difference in


pressure between its two faces.

• The amount of deflection is repeatable for known pressures, so the pressure


can be determined by using suitable calibration.

7
Diaphragm Pressure Gauge
• Two types: Metallic diaphragm and Non-metallic diaphragm
• A metal-diaphragm pressure gage uses a thin flexible diaphragm of materials
like brass , phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, Monel, Hastelloy, Ni Span C,
titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, etc.
• The force of the pressure against the effective area of the diaphragm causes a
deflection of the diaphragm. The motion of diaphragm is a measure of
pressure and the motion of diaphragm operates an indicating or recording
type instrument.
• Diaphragm can also be made of nonmetallic elements: rubber, plastic, leather.

8
Diaphragm Pressure Gauge
• Diaphragm gauges are typically spring-loaded so that the range and sensitivity
can be varied.
• Diaphragm element can measure both absolute and differential pressures.

Differential pressure measurement Absolute pressure measurement

9
Diaphragm Pressure Gauge
• An approximate relation between the pressure differential (P2-P1) and the
normalized deflection of the diaphragm at the center is given by:

P1 P2  P1 

256 Et 4 r  0.488r 3 

3D 4 1   2 
E = Elastic modulus
t = thickness of diaphragm of
diameter D
P2 d = deflection at center
r = d/t (normalized deflection)
For a linear relation ship , the requirement is 0.488r3 << r μ = Poisson’s ratio

10
Diaphragm Capsule
• A capsule is formed by joining two diaphragm at the
periphery

• The sensitivity of the pressure gage can be increased


by cascading several capsules

• When a pressure is applied to the capsule assembly


by an Differential Pressure inlet pipe passing through
the center of all the capsules, the deflection of the
gage will be the sum of the individual capsules

11
Diaphragm Capsule
For N number of capsules, following empirical relation gives an estimate of
the deflection d:

d  kN  P2  P1  Dnt m

For most practical cases,


m=4
n = -1.5
k = constant for the gage

12
Diaphragm Capsule

The linearity and sensitivity are determined


mainly by the depth and number of corrugations

13
Indicative Range of Elastic Elements
Indicative Range of Elastic Elements

Pressure gage Application Min Range Max Range


Bourdon Tube Pressure 0 to 5 psig 105 psig
Vacuum 0 to 30 in Hg vacuum
Capsule Pressure 0 to 0.2 in water 1000 psig
Vacuum 0 to 0.2 in water
Bellows Pressure 0 to 5 in water 2000 psig
Vacuum 0 to 5 in water

14
End of Lecture – 24

15

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