Assignment 6 Solutions

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Fatigue of Materials

Fatigue
Definition: Damage accumulated through the
application of repeated stress cycles

Variable amplitude loadings cause different


levels of fatigue

Fatigue is cumulative through the life of an


engineering element
Factors Affecting Fatigue Life
Loading Conditions
 Type of stress
 Stress amplitude, mean value
Condition of Specimen/Structural Member
 Stress concentrations
 Surface finish
Material
 Thermal history (e.g. grain size in metals)
Environmental conditions
 Temperature
 Corrosion effects
Loading Characteristics
Effect of Mean Stresses

sult
sa
sa sm>0
sm=0

Mean Stresses
No mean stress
reduce the stress
range
Stress Amplitude vs. Mean
Goodman Relationship: lower the mean
stresses, the greater the allowable
stress amplitude for the same life.

sa sa sm
 1
sf s f su

sm
su
Example: Goodman Diagram
If sf=su/2, sm=su/2,
What is the max and min s that can be
applied?

sa
smin= su/4 smax= 3su/4
su/2sf

su/4sf

sm
su/2sm su
Stress vs. Number of Cycles
S-N Diagram

Lower mean stress


Miner’s Rule
Damage from variable loadings is related to the
life consumed by number of cycles at each
particular STRESS RANGE. The summation of life
consumed at each stress range must be less than
1 to avoid failure.

where:
S ni/Nfi  1
ni = number of repetitions applied at si
Nfi = number of repetitions to cause failure at a stress
range, si
(ni < Nfi)
Example problem - Miner’s Rule
Stress Range, No. Applied No. Cycles to
si (ksi) Cycles, Ni Failure,Nfi
3 900 10,000
5 50 500

SNi/Nfi = 900/10,000 + 50/500


= 0.09 + 0.10
= 0.19 5
0.19 < 1.0  OK 3
Used 19% of fatigue life,
81% remains Log N
500 10,000
Fatigue tests
1. Beam Fatigue 2. Tension- Compression

V
3. Others

M Loading Patterns:
1. Reverse stresses, + to -
M 2. Alternate zero to some maximum
2c
3. Alternate above some base value
smax = Mc/I

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