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    Presented By: Atharva Deshmukh

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    Atharva Deshmukh
    Jaundice, also known as icterus, is caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood which results in a yellowish tint to the skin and eyes. It can be caused by conditions that lead to the breakdown of red blood cells, liver inflammation or damage, or obstruction of the bile ducts. The document discusses the different types of jaundice based on the underlying cause, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and dangers of the condition if left untreated such as potential liver failure.

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    Presented By: Atharva Deshmukh

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    Atharva Deshmukh
    30 views30 pages
    Jaundice, also known as icterus, is caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood which results in a yellowish tint to the skin and eyes. It can be caused by conditions that lead to the breakdown of red blood cells, liver inflammation or damage, or obstruction of the bile ducts. The document discusses the different types of jaundice based on the underlying cause, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and dangers of the condition if left untreated such as potential liver failure.

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    The various types of jaundice with their clinical features

    Original Title

    Jaundice

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    Jaundice, also known as icterus, is caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood which results in a yellowish tint to the skin and eyes. It can be caused by conditions that lead to the breakdown of red blood cells, liver inflammation or damage, or obstruction of the bile ducts. The document discusses the different types of jaundice based on the underlying cause, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and dangers of the condition if left untreated such as potential liver failure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views30 pages

    Presented By: Atharva Deshmukh

    Uploaded by

    Atharva Deshmukh
    Jaundice, also known as icterus, is caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood which results in a yellowish tint to the skin and eyes. It can be caused by conditions that lead to the breakdown of red blood cells, liver inflammation or damage, or obstruction of the bile ducts. The document discusses the different types of jaundice based on the underlying cause, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and dangers of the condition if left untreated such as potential liver failure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    JAUNDICE

    PRESENTED BY: ATHARVA DESHMUKH


    CONTENTS:

     WHAT IS JAUNDICE?
     ETIOLOGY
     DIFFERENT TYPES OF JAUNDICE
     CLINICAL SINGS AND SYMPTOMS
     HISTOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN LIVER
     DIAGNOSTIC TEST’S FOR JAUNDICE
     IS JAUNDICE DANGEROUS?
     THINGS TO REMEMBER WHILE TREATING A JAUNDICE PATIENT
     TREATMENT
     SUMMARY
    JAUNDICE

     Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a term used


    to describe a yellowish tinge to the skin and
    sclera that is caused by an excess of bilirubin in
    the blood. Body fluids may also be yellow.
    What causes Jaundice?
     alcohol abuse
     Acute inflammation of the liver
     Inflammation of the bile duct
     Obstruction of bile duct
     Gallstones
     parasites in the liver
     Haemolytic anaemia
     Cholestasis
     an adverse reaction to or overdose of a medication
    Other causes
     Crigler-Najjar syndrome
     Dubin-Johnson syndrome
     Rotor syndrome
     Gilberts syndrome
    Types of Jaundice
    1 based upon the underlying derangement of bilirubin metabolism
     Predominantly unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
     Predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

    2 based upon pathological mechanism giving rise to jaundice


     Haemolytic jaundice
     Hepatocellular jaundice
     Cholestasis jaundice
     Neonatal jaundice
    Signs and symtoms

     Yellow tinge to the skin and the whites of the eyes, normally starting at the
    head and spreading down the body
     Pruritus (itchiness)
     fatigue
     Abdominal pain - typically indicates a blockage of the bile duct
     Weight loss
     Vomiting
     Fever
     Paler than usual stools
     Dark urine
    Yellowing of skin
    puritis
    CHARCOT’S TRIAD

     It is a triad of three common signs and symptoms seen when there is presence
    of stones in bile ducts
     It is named after Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893), a French neurologist who
    first described the combination of signs and symptoms
    1. Pain in the right hypochondrium
    2. Intermittent or persistence jaundice
    3. Fever with chills and rigors
    Haemolytic jaundice
     This type results from increased destruction of red blood cells or their
    precursor.
     Causes
     Intraerythrocytic defects
    1. Hereditary- spherocytosis, sickle cell disease, thalassaemia
    2. acquired- B12 and folate deficiency
     Extraerythrocytic defects-haemolytic anaemias, prosthetic hear valves, drugs
    like sulphasalazine and dapsone.
    Clinical features of haemolytic jaundice

     Pallor due to anaemia


     Jaundice is mild and no other sign of liver disease
     Hepatosplenomegaly due to increased reticuloendothelial activity
     Dark stools
     Urine turns dark yellow on standing
    Cholestatic jaundice

     Cholestasis means failure of bile flow.


     It can be due to small duct obstruction or large duct obstruction

    Intrahepatic cholestasis Extrahepatic cholestasis


    Drugs, alcohol Gall stones in the CBD
    Viral hepatitis Carcinoma in head of pancreas
    Severe bacterial infections Stricture of bile duct
    Hodgkin's disease Sclerosing cholangitis
    hypotension Helminths in CBD
    cirrhosis Carcinoma of bile duct
    Signs and symptoms

     Signs
    1. Pale or clay coloured stools
    2. Fever with chills and rigors
    3. Haemorrhagic tendency
    4. Bone pains
     Symptoms
    1. Xanthomas over tendons
    2. Xanthelasmas on eyelids
    3. Palpable gall bladder
    4. Sign's of liver failure
    Xanthelasmas on eyelids
    xanthoma over tendons
    Hepatocellular jaundice

     Bilirubin transport across the hepatocyte may be impaired at any point


    between the uptake of unconjugated bilirubin into the cell and transport of
    conjugated bilirubin into biliary canaliculi.
     In hepatocellular jaundice concentration of both unconjugated and
    conjugated bilirubin rise in blood level
    Conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

    feature conjugated unconjugated


    Normal serum level less More
    Affinity to lipids Absent present
    Water solubility Absent present
    Serum albumin binding Low High
    Renal excretion Present Absent
    Van den Bergh reaction direct indirect
    Causes

     Viral hepatitis
     Alcoholic hepatitis
     Chronic hepatitis
     Cirrhosis
     Drug induced hepatitis
    Histological alterations in liver

     Bile pugs
     Feathery degeneration of hepatocytes
     Small bile duct destruction
     Portal oedema
     Peri cholangitis
     Bile lakes and infarcts
     Biliary cirrhosis
    Diagnostic test’s

     liver function tests


     complete blood count (CBC)
     imaging studies
     liver biopsies
    Lever function Test results
    How dangerous is jaundice

     Acute liver failure-Acute liver failure is the culmination of severe liver cell
    injury from a variety of causes including viral hepatitis, toxins, metabolic
    disorders of liver and alcohol abuse . The etiology varies with geography.
     In India, viral hepatitis A and E are the most common cause for ALF.
    Things to remember treating jaundice
    treatment
     Depending on the etiology, specific therapies may be effective. Such
    treatment should be started early in the course of the disease, and careful
    assessment of disease progression is necessary to prevent liver failure.
     N-acetyl cysteine, when administered early, can reduce liver damage and
    hasten recovery in patients with acetaminophen-induced jaundice.
     Prehepatic jaundice- In treating pre hepatic jaundice ,the objective is to
    prevent the rapid breakdown of red blood cells that’s causing the bilirubin
    levels to buildup in blood
    1. Malaria-antimalarial drugs
    2. Genetic blood disorders –blood transfusion
     Intrahepatic jaundice-In cases of intra hepatic jaundice little can be done to
    repair any liver damage. The aim of treatment is to prevent further damage
    1. Alcoholic liver- reduce the alcohol consumption
    2. Excessive damage- liver transplant
     Posthepatic jaundice- in most cases of post hepatic jaundice surgery to
    unblock the bile system is recommended
    summary

     Its is the accumulation of bilirubin in liver


     Jaundice can be caused due to various factors
     It can even be congenital
     Function of liver is altered
     No specific age group or sex predilection
     If underlying cause is not treated it can be dangerous
    References

     Davidson- textbook of medicine


     K George Mathew –medicine for undergraduates
     https://www.healthline.com
     http://www.pathpedia.com
     http://www.medlineplus.gov

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