http://www.musopen.org/sheetmusic.php?
type=sheet&id=2456
By: Chris Tuggle and Ashley Spivey
Period: 1
History of integration
-Archimedes is the founder of surface areas and
volumes of solids such as the sphere and the cone. His
integration method was very modern since he did not
have algebra, or the decimal representation of numbers
-Gauss was the first to make graphs of integrals, and
with others continued to apply integrals in the
mathematical and physical sciences.
-Leibniz and Newton discovered calculus and found
that differentiation and integration undo each other
How integration applies to the
real world
-Integration was used to design the Petronas
Towers making it stronger
-Many differential equations were used in the
designing of the Sydney Opera House
-Finding the volume of wine casks
was one of the first uses of integration
-Finding areas under curved surfaces,
Centres of mass, displacement and
Velocity, and fluid flow are other uses of integration
Integration- the process of evaluating an
indefinite integral or a definite integral
The indefinite integral f(x)dx is
defined as a function g such that its
derivative Dx[g(x)]=f(x)
The definite integral is a number
whose value depends on the function f
and the numbers a and b, and it is
defined as the limit of a riemann sum
Indefinite integral involves an arbitrary
constant; for instance,
x2 dx= x3 + c
The arbitrary constant c is called a
constant of integration
Why we include C
-The derivative of a constant is 0. However,
when you integrate, you should consider
that there is a possible constant involved,
but we don’t know what it is for a particular
problem. Therefore, you can just use C to
represent the value.
-To solve for C, you will be given a problem
that gives you the y(0) value. Then you can
plug the 0 in for x and the y(0) value for y.
Power Rule
u n 1
u du n 1 C
n
C = Constant of
integration
u = Function
n = Power
du = Derivative
Integration by parts
-Is a rule that transforms the integral of
products of functions into other functions
-If the functions are not related then use
integration by parts
The equation is u dv= uv- u du
Example 1
(integration by parts)
x cosx dx= u=x dv=cosx dx
du=dx v= -sinx
Then you plug in your variables to the formula:
u dv= uv- u du
Which gives you:
Xsinx + sinx dx=
X sinx + cosx + c
Example 2
(integration by parts)
2
1 x(e^3x) dx= u= x dv= e3x dx
du= dx v= 1/3 e3x
Plugged into the formula gives you:
1/3x e3x – 1/3 e3x dx=
2
[1/3x e3x – 1/9 e3x]1 = [(2/3e6-1/9 e6) – (1/3e3x-1/9e3x)]=
5/9e6 – 2/9e3x
Example 3
(natural log)
Formula: (1/x)dx= lnIxI + C
lnx dx= u= lnx dv= dx
du= (1/x) dx v= x
Plugged into the formula gives you:
x lnx - dx=
Final answer: x lnIxI – x + c
U substitution
- This is used when there are two algebraic
functions and one of them is not the
derivative of the other
Example 1
(u substitution)
x 2x 1 dx u= 2 x 1
x=(u2 - 1)/(2)
udu= dx
= (u2-1/2)(u)(udu)
= ½[(u5/5)-(u3/3)] + C
=1/10(2x+1)5/2 - 1/6(2x+1)3/2 + C
Example 2
(u substitution)
x/ x3 dx u= x 3
x= u2 + 3
dx= 2udu
(u2 +3/u) x (2udu)
=2 (u2 + 3) du
=2/3u3 + 6u + C
=(2/3)(x-3)3/2 + 6(x-3)1/2 + C
Trigonometric substitution
formulas
Example 1
(trigonometric substitution)
x(sec^2)dx u= x
du= dx
dv= (sec^2)xdx
v= tanx
=xtanx- tanxdx
=xtanx + lnIcosxI + C
Example 2
(trigonometric substitution)
sin x / x dx
U= x
Du= dx
N= -1/2
Solution: -2cos x +C
Example 3
(trigonometric substitution)
cosx/ 1 sin x dx u= 1 + sinx
du= cosxdx
n= -1/2
sin3xcos4xdx=
sin2xsinxcos4xdx=
(1 - cos2x)sinxcos4xdx=
sinxcos4xdx - sinxcos6xdx=
Final solution: -1/5cos5x + 1/7cos7x + C
Integrating powers of sine and
cosine
-Integrating odd powers
-Integrating even powers
-Integrating odd and even powers
Integrating odd powers
sin5xdx
sin3xsin2xdx
1-cos 2xsin3xdx
1-cos 2xsinxsin2xdx
(1-cos 2x)2 sinxdx
(1-2cos 2x + cos4 x) sinxdx
sinxdx- 2cos2 xsinxdx + cos4 xsinxdx
Final solution: -cosx – 2/3cos3 x – 1/5cos5 x +
C
Integrating even powers
sin 1/2xcos 1/2xdx=
4 2
(1-cosx/2) 2 (1/cosx/2)dx=
(1-cosx)(1-cos x)dx=
2
1/8 dx – 1/8 (1 + cos2x/2)dx - 1/8 cosxdx+
(1-cos x – cosx + cos x)dx=
2 3
1/8 cos xcosxdx=
2
1/8 dx – 1/16 dx – 1/16 cos2xdx – 1/8
cosxdx + 1/8 cosxdx – 1/8 sin cosxdx=
2
1/6 dx – 1/16 cos2xdx – 1/8 sin xcosxdx
2
Final solution: 1/16x – 1/32sin2x – 1/24sin3 x + C
Integrating odd and even
powers
sin 6xcos 6xdx=
3 2
sin6xsin2 6xcos2 6xdx=
sin6x(1- cos 26x)cos2 6xdx=
-1/6 sin6xcos2 6xdx - sin6xcos4 6xdx=
u= cos6x
du= -6sin6x
n= 2
Final solution: -1/18cos3 6x + 1/30cos5 x + C
Integration by partial fractions
Used when:
-Expressions must be polynomials
-Power rule should be used at some point
-The denominator is factorable
-Power or exponent represents how many
variables or fractions there are
Example 1
(partial fractions)
(6x 2 - 2x – 1)/(4x3 – x) dx
(A/x) + (B/2x - 1) + (C/(2x+1)
A(4x2 -1)----4Ax2 - A
Bx(2x + 1)--2Bx2 + Bx
C(2x-1)------2Cx2 – Cx
2A + B + C= 3
B – C= -2
(1/x)dx + -1/2 (dx/2x-1) + 3/2 (dx/2x+1)
A=1 Final solution: lnIxI – 1/4lnI2x-1I + 3/4lnI2x+1I + C
B + C=1
+B – C= -2
B= -1/2 C= 3/2
Example 2
(partial fractions)
(x+1)/(x2 – 1)dx A(X+1) B(X-1)
A/(x-1) + B/(x+1) AX+A BX-B
A + B= 0
+ A – B= 1
2A=1
A=1/2
B=-1/2 1/2 (1/x-1)dx- ½ (1/x+1)dx
Final solution: 1/2lnIx-1I – 1/2lnIx+1I + C
Example 3
(partial fractions)
(3x 2 - x + 1)/ (x3 - x2)dx
Ax(x-1)--- Ax2 - Ax
B(x-1)-----Bx - B
Cx2 --------Cx2
A + C=3
+-A + B=-1
B=-1
-1/x2 dx + 3/x-1 dx
Definite integration
-This is used when the numerical bounds of
the object are known
Example 1
(definite integration)
/2
0 x cosx dx= u= x dv= cosx dx
du= dx v= sinx
Plugged into the formula gives you:
/2
x sinx - sinx dx= [(x sinx) + (cosx)] 0 =
( /2 + 0) – (0 + 1) =
Final Answer:
( /2) - 1
Example 2
(definite integration)
4
x 4 x dx u= 4 x
0
x= -u2 + 4
dx= -2udu
(-u2 + 4)u(-2udu)
(2u4 - 8u2)du 4
-8/3u3 + 2/5u5 = [-8/3(4-x)3/2 + 2/5(4-x)5/2]0
Final solution: (-64/3 + 64/5) – (0)= -320 + 192/15 = -128/5
Bibliography
http://integrals.wolfram.com/about/history/
http://www.sosmath.com/calculus/integration/byparts/byparts.
html
http://myhandbook.info/form_integ.html
http://www.math.brown.edu/help/usubstitution.html
http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcTwoDIRECTORY/p
artialfracdirectory/PartialFrac.html
http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/IntegratingOddPowersOf
SineAndCosineBySubstitution/
