EE 222

Electric Machines

and

Power Electronics
Instructor : Kishore Chatterjee
[email protected]
Office: EE 032 (Ground Floor)
Tel : 7472
Where we left in EE 111 ?
Michael Faraday

Electromagnetic rotation (1820)

Electromagnetic induction (1830)

The Transformer
DC Machine – William Sturgeon 1832

Induction Machine – Nichola Tesla 1887

• Vacuum Tubes : Diodes and Amplifiers

• Semiconductor technology : Diodes

• BJT (1947) got matured in 1960s

• Power Diodes (late 1960s)

• Thyristors : Shockley (1950)

• Power BJT (1980s)

• Power MOSFET (late 1980)

• IGBT (1979) got matured in late

80s

• MCT, IGCTs, Cool MOSFET

• SiC & GaN Devices (current)

Evolution of Power Electronics

Efficient Motor Control : Control of

Drives
 Slot 6

Wednesday : 11:00 am

Friday : 11:00 am
Attendance will be recorded and is
compulsory: DX grade will be awarded
if it falls short by 80%

Mobile phones not in silent mode but in

SWITCHED OFF mode only
Prerequisite: EE 222

• Basic Circuit analysis – single phase and

three phase sinusoidal ckts

• Transformers

• Dc Machines: Principle of Operation

• Induction Machine: Principle of Operation

Course Content:
• Introduction to drives – various loads
• Speed control of DC motor
• Ac to dc converters
• Speed control of induction motor
• Speed control of synchronous motor
• Dc to ac inverters
• PWM techniques to control inverters
• Switched mode power supplies
• Other applications of power electronics
Books:

• Principles of Electrical Machines and

power electronics, P. C. Sen, John Wiley
and Sons.

• Fundamentals of Electric Drives,

G. K. Dubey, Narosa, New Delhi

• Power Electronic circuits, devices and

applications, M. H. Rashid, Pearson
Education, New Delhi
• Power Electronics: Converters,
Applications and Design, Ned Mohan,
Undeland, Robbins, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.
Mode of Evaluation:

• 1 Mid semester exam : 30%

• Quizes : 15%

• Assignments: 5%

• End sem : 50%

• Class interaction: To decide border line

cases
 Equivalent circuit of a realistic transformer

1c
2c

I1 jX 1 jX 2 I 1 m I2
+
R1 Im R2 +
V1 jX m V2 N1 N2 V2 Z
_ _

Ideal Transformer

jX 1 jX 2 I 1 I2
I1
+ +
R1 Im R2
V1 jX m V2 V2 Z
_ _
N1 N2
Three phase induction machine

a
c/
b/
Phase-A magnetic axis

b c
ia  I m cos t
a/
ib  I m cos(t  120 ) 0

ic  I m cos(t  2400 )
 ia ib ic

t=0 t=t1 t=t2 t=t3 ia  I m cos t

Ph
-B ib  I m cos(t  1200 )
1
t=0
ic  I m cos(t  2400 )
Fm
2

600
0
Ph-A
60 Fm 3
Fm
2
1
Fm
2
C-
Ph
 ia ib ic

t=0 t=t1 t=t2 t=t3

ia  I m cos t
ib  I m cos(t  1200 )
Ph

3
Fm
-B

2
ic  I m cos(t  2400 )
3 3
Fm Fm
2 2
300 300

Ph-A
t=t1
- C
Ph
 ia ib ic

t=0 t=t1 t=t2 t=t3

ia  I m cos t
ib  I m cos(t  1200 )
Ph
-B

ic  I m cos(t  2400 )
1
Fm
2
t=t2
0
60
Ph-A
3 600
Fm
2
1
Fm
2
- C
Ph
 ia ib ic

t=0 t=t1 t=t2 t=t3

ia  I m cos t
ib  I m cos(t  1200 )
Ph
-B

ic  I m cos(t  2400 )

t=t3
Ph-A
600

300 300 3
Fm
2
-C

3
Fm
Ph

2
Ph
-B

Ph
3
Fm

-B
1 2
t=0 Fm
2
3 3
0 Fm Fm
60 2
300 300
2

0
Ph-A
60 Fm 3
Fm Ph-A
2 t=t1
1
Fm
2
-C

ia ib ic
Ph

-C
Ph
Ph
Ph

-B
-B

t=0 t=t1 t=t2 t=t3

1
Fm
2 t=t3
t=t2
600 Ph-A
Ph-A 600
3 600
Fm
2 300 300
1 3
Fm Fm
2 2
-C
3
-C

Fm
Ph

2
Ph
 •In one cycle of the current waveform, the
resultant mmf wave makes one revolution in
a 2 pole machine

•In one cycle of the current waveform, the

resultant mmf wave makes 2/p revolutions in
a p pole machine a1

S N

a'
2
90
a1'
N S

a 2
 If the frequency of the exciting current is f,
2
revolution made in one sec = f
P
4
Angle traversed in one sec = f
P
  freq of exciting current in rad/sec
s  Speed of rot mag field in rad/sec = Synchronous speed
2
s 
p
N s  speed of the rot mag field in rpm
120 f
Ns 
P
 Ph
-B

Ph-A
600

-C
Ph

F ( )  Fa cos   Fb cos(  1200 )  Fc cos(  2400 )

 Fm cos t cos   Fm cos(t  1200 ) cos(  1200 )  Fm cos(t  2400 ) cos(  2400 )
3
 Fm cos(  t )
2
3-phase Induction Motor : Equivalent Circuit
/ r 2/
R1 X1 I2 /
s X2
I1
V Xm

VX m
Vt 
R12  ( X 1  X m ) 2

jX m ( R1  jX 1 )
Rt  jX t  r2
R1  j ( X 1  X m ) Xt X 2'
Rt I 2' s

Vt E
 r  r2
Pg  3I 2 2 2
X 2'
s Rt Xt I 2' s
Pm  Pg  3I 22 r2
Vt E
 2  1 s
 3I 2 r2 ( )
s
 (1  s ) Pg Pcu  sPg
Pm Pg (1  s ) Pg
T    2 r2
 
m s (1  s ) s  Vt 
3  s 
3 r2 2 T
 I2 s  r2 2 
s s  ( Rt  )  ( X t  X 2 ) 
2

 s 
Vt
I 2 
r2 2
( Rt  )  ( X t  X 2 ) 2
s
 r2
 2 r2
  Rt Xt I 2' s
X 2'

3  Vt 
T s  Vt E
s  r2 2 
 ( Rt  )  ( X t  X 2 ) 
2

 s  S 0
At low values of slip 

 2 r 
3  Vt 2 
3 V 2 Slip

T s  t
s
s  r2 2  s r2
( ) 
 s  TL S 1

I, T ,
Motor Load
Steady state torque-speed
T m characteristic
 r2
Rt Xt X 2'
I 2' s
dT
0 Vt E
ds

r2
  Rt 2  ( X t  X 2 )2
sm S 0

3 Vt 2
Tm  Slip
2s R  R 2  ( X  X  )2
t t t 2

S 1

I, T ,
A Realistic DC Machine

Eb
N + _ S

Ia

+ _
T  K e I a
Va
Eb  K e
DC Machine: Steady state
model and behaviour
Speed-Torque Characteristics

+ _
Ia
a

+ _
Ia
 Feed back between electrical and
mechanical world

TL
Motor Load d
T  TL  J
T  dt
DC Machine: Torque vs. speed
Characteristics
Speed – Torque Characteristic
Speed control of dc motor

• Armature resistance control

• Armature voltage control

• Field weakening control