200

180
Parteo Diagram by Defective Items
83
88 91
:
93
100
100

90

160 73 80

140 70

120
52 60

100 50

80 104 40

60 30
42
40 20
20 14
20 10 6 4 10

0 0
D B F A C E Others

7 QC tools
 Seven QC Tools

Scatter Diagram

Stratification

Histogram

Graph & Control Chart

Cause & Effect Diagram

Pareto Diagram

Check Sheet
Sl.No Tools Function
Check Sheet / To Collect the data in a simple manner and
1
Data Sheet to prevent omitting the checks
To pick up the important few problems from
2 Pareto Daigram
the trivial many.
Cause & Effect To reorganise the factors (causes)which are
3
Diagram influencing the problem

Presentation of data in a pictorial form for

Graph & Control
4 better understanding and see if the process
Chart
is under stable conditions.

To see the distribution pattern compared

5 Histogram
against the standard values.
To segregate data according to contributing
6 Stratification
sources.(Suppliers,machines,operators etc)

7 Scatter Diagram To see relation between two sets of data

 Check Sheet
Solder Bath Temperature
Che cke d by : Ra ised by :
Take reading of temperature nearest to degree.
Time Temp (0C) Time Te mp (0C)
0800 60 1300 61
0900 62 1400 58
1000 59 1500 63
1100 58 1600 63
1200 59 1700 59
Note : Power failure from 12.00 to 12.15 Hours
What is Check Sheet ?
A Check sheet is a paper form on which item to be
checked have been printed already so that data can be
collected easily and concisely. Its main purposes are
two-fold :
1) To make data-gathering easy ;
2) To arrange data automatically so that they can be
used easily later on

Two Types of Data :

1. Measurement data or Variable data.
2. Attribute data.
Check sheets are of following types :
a) Check sheet for production process distribution.

b) Defective item check sheet.

c) Defect location check sheet.

d) Defect cause check sheet.

Check Sheet for Production Process Distribution :
Checks
Deviation Frequency
5 10 15 20
-10
-9
Specification -8
-7
-6
-5 1
-4 2
-3 4
-2 6
-1 9
8.300 0 11
1 8
2 7
3 3
4 2
5 1
6 1
7
Specification 8
9
10
Total 55
Defective Item Check Sheet :
Product : Date :
Manufacturing stage: Final insp
Section :
Type of defect: Scar,incomplete
Inspector’s name :
crack,misshapen.
Lot no :
Total no.inspected : 1525
Order no :
Remarks : All items inspected.
Type Checks Subtotal
Surface scars IIII IIII IIII II 17

Cracks IIII IIII I 11

Incomplete IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII I 26
Mishappen III 3

Others IIII 5
Total : 62
Total rejects 42
 Defect Location Check Sheet
A B C D
1 2 3 4
1
A 1

B 12 15
2
C 10 11

D 1
3

From the location matrix it is

clear that most of the blow holes 4
are occupied in the segment B2,B3,C2 & C3.

Defect Location Matrix For Blowholes (50 Defective Components)

 Defect Cause Check Sheet.
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Equipment Operator
AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM

oo ox ooo xx oo xxxx oo
1
x ooo xx xxx oo xx
A

2
oo xxx

1 oo xx
B

2 xx oo

o Damage x Blowhole Poor finish Crack Others

Points to remembered while making check sheets
 Easy to use & understanding.

 Information should be true & accurate.

 Decide objective by involving all the members.

 Use 5W & 1H principle.

 Who will collect the data ?

 When will the data be collected ?

 Where will the data be collected ?

 How will data be collected ?

 Check sheets should be displayed on visible area.

 Benefits of Check Sheets
Data Collection have the following benefits :
ø Right decision can be made.

ø Errors due to subjective feeling or personal bias are avoided.

ø Agreement on decisions necessary rather than different or

subjective opinion.

ø Measurement understandable to all.

ø Assessments of magnitude of improvements.

ø Discovery of causes affecting quality and productivity.

 Pareto Diagram
250 100

No of Components
100
96.75
91.53
85.28
200 80

% Cumulative
156
150 60
105
100 50.98 40

50 20
20 16
9
0 0
Cold oil shot Damage Chip off Bad app
shut
Types of Defects
What is Pareto Diagram ?
Pareto diagrams are presentation technique used to

show facts and they help us to separate the “vital few”.

Pareto diagram was first thought out by an Italian economist,

Pareto (1848 - 1923),when he used it as a method for national

income analysis to show that a large proportion of the wealth

was centered around a small minority of people.

After that,an American Quality Control Authority,Mr.Juran used

it in the field of Quality Control.

Steps to make the pareto diagrams :
ø Decide what problems are to be investigated and how to

collect the data.

ø Design a data tally sheet listing the items,with space to record

their totals.

ø Fill out the tally sheet and calculate the totals (Example-1)

ø Make the pareto diagram data sheet listing the items,their

individual totals,cumulative totals,percentages of overall total,

and cumulative percentages (Example-2)

Steps to make the pareto diagrams :
ø Arrange the items in the order of quantity,and fill out the data

sheet.

ø Draw two vertical axes and a horizontal axis.

ø Construct a bar diagram.

ø Draw the cumulative curve (Pareto curve).

ø Write any necessary items on the diagram.

1) Items concerning the diagram.

2) Items concerning the data.

 Data Tally Sheet - Example -1
Type of Defect Tally Total

Crack IIII IIII 10

Scratch IIII IIII IIII IIII …………. IIII II 42

Stain IIII I 6

Strain IIII IIII IIII IIII ………………………. IIII IIII 104

Gap IIII 4

Pinhole IIII IIII IIII IIII 20

Others IIII IIII IIII 14

Total 200
 Data Sheet for Pareto Diagram - Example - 2
Type of Number of Cumulative Percentage of Cumulative
Defect Defect Total Overall Total Percentage

Strain 104 104 52 52

Scratch 42 146 21 73

Pinhole 20 166 10 83

Crack 10 176 5 88

Stain 6 182 3 91

Gap 4 186 2 93

Others 14 200 7 100

Total 200 - 100 -

Parteo Diagram by Defective Items :
April 1 - June 30 100
200 100
91 93
180
88 90
83
No of Defective Units

Cumulative Percentage
160 73 80

140 70

120
52 60

100 50

80 104 40

60 30
42
40 20
20 14
20 10 6 4 10

0 0
D B F A C E Others

A : Crack, B : Scratch, C : Stain, D : Strain, E : Gap, F : Pinhole.

Number of Units Investigated : 5,000
Cause & Effect Diagram
Man Machine

Characteristics

Material Method
What is Cause & Effect Diagram ?
Any defect in a component,a product or service could be

due to one or more causes.To find out the relationship between

the causes and effect,a diagram is drawn systematically by

mapping out all the probable causes influencing the effect.

This is called a “Cause & Effect Diagram”

Cause & effect diagram was introduced by “Dr.K.Ishikawa”.

He used it in Kawasaki Iron Works in 1943.

Since final diagram looks like a fish bone it is also called as

Fish Bone Diagram.

Format of a Cause and Effect Diagram

Main Cause Main Cause A Level 2

Cause
Level 3
Cause Level 1
Cause

Characteristics

Main Cause Main Cause

Above diagram depicts the basic format of Cause and Effect
diagram. There is a hierarchical relationship of the effect to the
main causes and their subsequent relationship to the sub-
causes.
Procedure for Making Cause-and-effect
Diagrams
ø Determine the quality characteristics.
for Identifying Causes :
ø Choose one quality characteristics and write it on the right-

hand side of a sheet of paper,draw in the backbone form

left to right,and enclose the characteristic in a square.Next,

write the primary causes which affect the quality characteristics

as big bones also enclosed by squares.

Procedure for Making Cause-and-effect
Diagrams
ø Write the causes (Secondary causes) which affect the big
for Identifying Causes :
bones (primary causes) as medium-sized bones,and write the

causes (tertiary causes) which affect the medium-sized bones

as small bones.

ø Assign an importance to each factor,and mark the particularly

important factor that seem to have a significant effect on the

quality characteristics.

ø Record any necessary information.

 Example of Cause-and-Effect Diagram :
Health Spirit Encouragement
Pride
Relaxation
Fighting spirit
Rest
Nutrition Calories Patience Devotion
Amusement Calmness
Meal Carefulness
Time Composure
Quantity Concentration
Sleep
Confidence
Depth Defeat in a
Power sports match
Information
Schedule
Theory Study of Motion
opponent Speed Exercise
Planning Analysis Quality
Cooperation Quantity
Rules Observation Teamwork Advice
Common Judgement of situation Function Form
sense
Experience of matches Model Repetition
Strategy Technique
Example of Cause-and-Effect Diagram :
MAN MACHINE
Milling Depth
Wrong assembly under size
M/c condition
New operator not ok
High variation Valve Plate
Importance not in the process Projecting out
know to operator of cyl.head in
Hole location not taken 94 dia cylinder
during assembly head assembly
Gap less at
WHY?
suction side
No Poka yoke Hole position shifted

In adequate Valve plate outer

In adequate
Fixture design dimn. oversize
design
METHOD MATERIAL Improper
blanking
Points to remembered.
 Once Cause & Effect diagram is made check for its

completeness if required reviewed from the experts.

 A good Cause & Effect diagram gives an excellent

understanding of a complex problem in a simple way.

 Cause & Effect diagram is not an answer of the problem.

 Main cause to be found out by collecting data or on collective

experience.

 Less educated persons and with poor knowledge about

process can be benefited by this.

Graph & Control Chart
UCL
C/L
LCL
What is Graph :
Graph is a pictorial representation of data which is easily

understandable at a glance.It is a visual representation of data

made up of points,lines,letters,words,numbers,shades etc.

Types of Graphs :
Line graph
Bar chart / graph
Pie chart or Circle graph
Radar chart
Compound graphs - bar and line
Gantt chart
Line Graph :

709
700
662
Qty Produced

550

400 376
330
275 273
250
Jan'03 Feb Mar Apr May June
Month

Production details
Bar Chart / Graph :

10
9
8
7
7 6.3
6
Hrs

5
4 4
4 3.4
3
3
2
1
0
Jan'01 Feb'01 Mar'01 Apr'01 May'01 Jun'01

HMC Machine Breakdown

Pie chart or Circle graph :

Unwanted - 61
Tags removed - 59
Easy to CLI - 855 Leakage - 845
Tags removed - 850 Tags removed - 825

Electrical - 332 Missing - 385

Tags removed - 325 Tags removed - 380
Loose - 393
Damage & Broken - 340 Tags removed - 390
Tags removed - 334

Classification of abnormality tags.

Radar chart
Plant performance : 2001-2002

unit1
100% 100%

50%

unit5 unit2

0.85 80%
0%

unit4 60% unit3

90%
Compound graph - Bar and Line

10 9.25
9 8.75 Frequency
8
7 7
7
Hours
6 5
4.75
5
4 4 4.75
4
3 3 3.5
3
2
1
0
Jan'01 Feb'01 Mar'01 Apr'01 May'01 Jun'01

HMC Machine Breakdown

Gantt chart
Y E AR 1 9 98 1 9 99 2 0 00
TPM Master plan
T PM MA S T ER PL A N
2 0 01 2 0 02 2 0 03 2 0 04

M AR

M AR

M AR

M AR
M AR

M AR
M AY

NO V

M AY

NO V

M AY

NO V

NO V

NO V
NO V

M AY

NO V

M AY

M AY
O CT

O CT

O CT

O CT
O CT

O CT

O CT
AUG

AUG

AUG

AUG

AUG
AUG
JUN

DEC

JAN

FEB

APR

JUN

JAN

FEB

APR

DEC

FEB

DEC
JAN

FEB

APR

DEC

JAN

FEB

APR

JUN

FEB

APR

JUN

DEC

JAN

DEC

JUN

JAN

APR

JUN
SEP

SEP
SEP

SEP

SEP

SEP

JUL
JUL

JUL

JUL

JUL

JUL
STA G E I n tro d u c ti on s tag e I mp l e me n ta ti on s tag e F u l l s ta g e d e ve l o p me n t S
Sttea
eaddyyaapppplliiccaatitioon
n sstag
tagee

De c la ra tio n of T PM
by M D
T PM ins t ruc to r's
c o urs e tr a ining in
J IPM
C om p a ny w ide 1 S, 2 S
A c tiv ity
Le ve l 1 t ra in i ng
T PM a w a r e ne s s
Le v el 2 t ra in i ng
pr ogra m to c ov e r a ll
e m p loy e e s
Se le c t M o de l Le v el 3 t ra in i ng
S e l ec t 4 m ac hi n es o ne f rom ea c h u n it
m a c hine s a nd
im pl e m e nt T PM

TP M Kic k -o ff by M D

F o r A ra n k m ac h in e s - 10 m ac hi n es

S t e p 1 , 2, 3 Ste p 4

Ho ri zo nt a l rep l ic at i o n a s i n A ra n k m ac hi n es

J IS H U H O ZEN
AC TIVI TY P LAN F o r B ra n k m ac h in e s - 10 m ac hi n es

S t e p 1 , 2, 3 S te p 4

Ho
H ori
ri zo
zontnat all rep
repllicic ataitioonnaass iinnBB ra
rannkk m
m ac
ac hihinnes
es

F o r A ra n k m ac h in e s - 10 m ac hi n es

E l i mi n at e sc rap S u st a i n ze ro sc rap

Ho ri zo nt a l rep l ic at i o n a s i n A ra n k m ac hi n es
HIN SH ITS U H O ZEN
AC TIVI TY P LAN F o r B ra n k m ac h in e s - 10 m ac hi n es

E l i mi n at e sc rap S u st a in ze ro sc rap
Ho
H ori
ri zo
zontnat all rep
repllicic ataitioonnaass i innBB ra
rannkk m
m ac
ac hihinnes
es

F o r A ra n k m ac h in e s - 10 m ac hi n es

I mp ro ve OE E t o 8 5 %
Ho ri zo nt a l rep l ic at i o n a s i n A ra n k m ac hi n es

KO B ETS U KA IZEN
AC TIVI TY P LAN F o r B ra n k m ac h in e s - 10 m ac hi n es

I mp ro ve OE E t o 8 5 %
Ho
H ori
ri zo
zontnat all rep
repllicic ataitioonnaass iinnBB ra
rannkk m
m ac
ac hihinnes
es

F or A ra nk m ac hi n es - 10 m ac hi n es

E l im i na t e b re ak do wn S us t ai n ze ro b r e ak do wn
b y i nt r o du c in g TB M
H riori
Ho z ozontnatlalrerep
p li cl icatai on
ti o naassi ni nAAr arannkkmmacachihinneses
P LA NN ED
M A INT EN AN C E F or B ra nk m ac hi n es - 10 m ac hi n es
AC TIVIT Y P LAN
E l im i na t e b re ak do wn S us t ai n ze r o b re ak do w n
b y i nt ro du c in g TB M
H ri
Ho ori
zo zontnat lalrerep
p li lcicatai tion
o naassi n
i nBB ra
rannkkmmacachihinneses

IN ITIA L FL OW
C ON TR O L

O FFIC E T PM

S AF ETY & H Y GIE N E

AC TIVIT Y P LAN

ED UC A TIO N &
TR AIN IN G A C TIVIT Y
P LAN
PR EL IM INA R Y
AU D IT

FI NA L AU D IT

Y E AR M AR

M AR
M AR

M AR

M AR
M AR

M AY

NO V

M AY

NO V

M AY

NO V

M AY

NO V

M AY

NO V

M AY

NO V
NO V
O CT

O CT

O CT

O CT

O CT

O CT
O CT

AUG

AUG
AUG

AUG

AUG

AUG
JAN

FEB

APR

JUN

JAN

APR

DEC

FEB

JUN

DEC

FEB

APR

DEC

FEB

JUN

JAN

FEB

APR
DEC

FEB

JUN

JAN

APR

JAN

JUN

JAN

APR

DEC

JUN

DEC
SEP

SEP

SEP
SEP

SEP

SEP
JUL

JUL

JUL

JUL

JUL

JUL
1 9 98 1 9 99 2 0 00 2 0 01 2 0 02 2 0 03 2 0 04

LEGEND MILESTONE PLANNED START PLANNED FINISH

What is Control Chart :
Control chart is a graphical device to aid in process control.

It consist of a graph with a central line denoting the target value

and two limit lines on either side of the central line called “Upper

control limit” & “Limit control limit”.Quality measured periodically

is plotted on the chart and status of control assessed.

The control chart was first proposed by Dr.Walter A Shewhart,an

engineer in the Bell Telephone Laboratories,USA with a view

to eliminate abnormal variation.

Two Types of Variations :
1. Chance Causes.
2. Assignable Causes.
1. Chance Causes :

Which are uncontrollable and comprising very small

differences in raw materials in the same batch or machines,

actual conditions etc.

2. Assignable Causes :

Such as different settings of a machine,different raw

material batches,changes in operators,operator errors etc.

Types of Control Chart

Characteristic Value Name

x - R Chart (average value and range)

Continuous value
x chart (measured value)

pn chart (number of defective units)

p chart (fraction defective)

Discrete value
c chart (number of defects)

u chart (number of defects per unit)

Types of Control Chart :
x - R Chart
It is used for controlling and analyzing a process using

continuous values of product quality such as length,weight or

concentration and this provides the larger amount of information

on the process. x represents an average value of a subgroup

and R represents the range of the subgroup.

An R chart is used usually in combination with an x chart to

control the variation within a subgroup.

Procedure to make control charts :
x - R Chart
ø Collect the data.

ø Calculate x

x = x1 + x2 +……+ xn
n - Size of a sub group
n
ø Calculate x

x = x1 + x2 +……+ xk
k - Number of subgroups
k
Procedure to make control charts :
x - R Chart

ø Calculate R

R = (Maximum value in a subgroup) - (Minimum Value in a subgroup)

ø Calculate R
R = Rx1 + Rx2 +……+ Rn

k
Procedure to make control charts :
x - R Chart
ø Calculate the control lines
x Chart
Central line :
CL = x
Upper control limit :
UCL = x + A2R.
Lower control limit :
UCL = x - A2R
Procedure to make control charts :
x - R Chart
ø Calculate the control lines
R Chart
Central line :
CL = R
Upper control limit :
UCL = D4R.
Lower control limit :
LCL = D3R
Procedure to make control charts :
List of Coefficients for x - R Chart.

Size of Subgroup x Chart R Chart

n
A2 D3 D4 d2

2 1.88 --- 3.267 1.128

3 1.023 --- 2.575 1.693
4 0.729 --- 2.282 2.059
5 0.577 --- 2.115 2.326
6 0.483 --- 2.004 2.534
Procedure to make control charts :
x - R Chart
ø Draw the control lines.

ø Plot the points.

ø Write the necessary items.

Examples of Control Chart :

UCL

C/L

LCL
Control Chart for Controlled State

UCL

C/L

LCL
Control Chart for Uncontrolled State
Examples of Control Chart :

Average chart (X)

1
2
READINGS
3
52.043 USL 4
5
Re a dings

LSL
52.039 6
Xdbar 7
52.035 8
UCL XBAR
9
LCL XBAR 10
52.031
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
11
12
Samples
13
14
15
Range chart (R) READINGS
0.015
Re a dings

0.01 UCL R

0.005
LCL R
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Rbar
Samples
How to Read Control Charts :
ø Out of control limits.

ø Run. Ten out of 11 consecutive

Seven-point length of points occurring on one
run is abnormal. side is abnormal.

Run
How to Read Control Charts :
Trend

Seven upward points Drastic downward trend

How to Read Control Charts :
Approach to the control limits (2 out of 3 points)

3-sigma line
2-sigma line

2-sigma line
3-sigma line
How to Read Control Charts :

Approach to the central line.

3-sigma line
1.5-sigma line
How to Read Control Charts :
Periodicity
 Histogram
40 38

35 34

30

25

20

15

9.9
10 9

4 4 4.5
5
2.5 2.5
0
0

0 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.45 3.5 3.55 3.6 3.65 3.7

What is Histogram :
Histogram is a graphical representation of a

frequency distribution which is a summary of variation

in a product or process.
Steps to construct the Histogram :
ø Collect 100 reading.

ø Find out lowest & highest value of reading row wise.

ø Find out lowest & highest from all the rows.

ø Compute the range . R = Max - Min.

ø Follow standard table for no of classes.

No of Observations No of Classes ( k )
< 50 6
51 - 100 7
101 - 200 8
201 - 500 9
501 - 1000 10
Graph to Determine K

20
18
16
14

k 12
10
8
6
4
2
0

1 2 3 4 5 678 10 20 50 200 500

1,000
n
n - Numbers of Measurements.
Steps to construct the Histogram :
ø Calculate the approximate width of class with the help of

formula ( R + W ) / K

Where “ R “ is the range. “ W “ is accuracy in the observation

& “ K “ is no.of classes.Make the frequency table and then

draw the histogram.

 Note

ø Classes should be continuous.i.e 1-5,5-10,10-15 etc.

ø All classes should have same width.

 Histogram data sheet
1 104.1 11 104.5 21 104.4 31 104.4 41 104.6
2 104.4 12 104.3 22 104.5 32 104.3 42 104.4
3 104.3 13 104.4 23 104.4 33 104.4 43 104.6

4 104.5 14 104.5 24 104.3 34 104.7 44 104.7

5 104.4 15 104.4 25 104.2 35 104.2 45 104.3
6 104.3 16 104.5 26 104.4 36 104.4 46 104.5

7 104.2 17 104.2 27 104.6 37 104.3 47 104.2

8 104.5 18 104.4 28 104.4 38 104.5 48 104.5
9 104.3 19 104.3 29 104.3 39 104.4 49 104.4
10 104.5 20 104.4 30 104.1 40 104.3 50 104.3
 Tally Data Sheet
104.1 - //

104.2 - ////

104.3 - //// //// //

104.4 - //// //// //// /

104.5 - //// ////

104.6 - ///

104.7 - //
Examples of Histogram :

20
16
15
12
10
10

5
5 3
2 2

0
104.1 104.2 104.3 104.4 104.5 104.6 104.7

in mm
 Interpretation of Histogram

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

Limit Limit Limit Limit
1 4

2 5

6
3
Types of Histogram :

a) General type b) Comb type

c) Positively skew type d) Left–hand precipice type

Types of Histogram :

e) Plateau type f) Twin–peak type

g) Isolated–peak type
Uses of Histogram :
ø To know the pattern of variation.
ø To assess states of control
ø To assess conformance to specifications
ø To assess spread or variation with reference to specification.
ø To assess process capability.
ø To get clues for bringing process under control - whether to
shift mean or to reduce variation or both.
ø To get clues for possible assignable causes for observed
variation - mixture of lots,suppliers,instruments /
measurements errors,bias of written results etc.
 Stratification

Quality Defective (Nos)

50 48%
40

30

20 16% 18%
12%
10 6%
0
A B C D E

Types of Defect
What is Stratification :
Stratification is the process of separation of data into

categories.It is normally done for identifying the categories

contributing to the problem tackled.

Types of Stratification :
Material Based :
48%
50

40
Defective %

30

20 16 % 15%

10

0
A B C
Supplier
Defective Quality - Supplier Wise.
Types of Stratification :
Quality Based :
50 48%
Quality Defective(Nos)

40

30

20 16% 18%
12%
10 6%

0
A B C D C
Type of Defect
Defects Data For Each Hour in a Shift
Types of Stratification :
Worker Based :
30
No of Defective

25 22%
20

15

10
5%
5 3%

0
A B C
Worker
Defective Assemblies
Types of Stratification :
Machine Based :
100
90
80
70
Production %

60 57%
50 43%
40
30
20
10
0
A B
Machine
Production Machine Wise
Types of Stratification :
Processing Based :
Power Consumption %

50

40
32%
30
25% 26%
20
12%
10 5%
0
A B C D E
Process Area
Power Consumption Process Area Wise
 Scatter Diagram
4.5
4.4

Overall rating of the Session

4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0 y axis
4 430 x axis
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Average Experience of Training Team (in days)

What is Scatter Diagram :
Scatter diagram is a graphical representation of

relationship between two variables.It can be between a Cause

& Effect and between causes.

In 1837 J.F.W.Herswchal,an Englishman,used scatter diagram.

In 1950s Dr.K.Ishikawa popularized the use of scatter diagram.

Steps to draw Scatter Diagram :
ø Collect paired data (x,y)

ø Find the maximum and minimum values for both the x and y.

ø Plot the data.

ø Enter all necessary items.

The horizontal (x axis) and vertical (y axis) lines of the diagram:

The measurement scales generally increase as you move up

the vertical axis and to the right on the horizontal axis.

4.5
4.4

4.3 Dependent variable (“effect”)

4.2

4.1
4.0

3.9
* Looking for relationships
3.8 not cause & effect
3.7
Independent variable (“cause”)
3.6

3.5

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Examples of Scatter Diagram :

Overall rating of the Session

4.0 y axis
430 x axis

Average Experience of Training Team (in days)

Possibilities after plotting the points
a. Positive relationship

b. No correlation.

c. Negative correlation.

d. Positive & Negative correlation.

e. Negative & Positive correlation.

 n = 30 r = 0.9 n = 30 r = 0.6 n = 30 r = 0.0
y y y

6 6 6

4 4 4

2 2 2

0 0 0
0 2 4 6 x 0 2 4 6 x 0 2 4 6 x

Positive Correlation Positive Correlation No Correlation

May Be Present

n = 30 r = 0.9 n = 30 r = 0.6
y y

6 6

4 4

2 2

0 0
0 2 4 6 x 0 2 4 6 x

Negative Correlation Negative Correlation

May Be Present