Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Psychrometric Processes
and
Applications

Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Theory

T. Y. B. Tech. Mechanical Engineering

ME 0308 SEM - VI
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Outline

• Adiabatic Mixing of two streams of Moist Air.

• Sensible Heating / Cooling of Moist Air.

• Dehumidification of Moist Air.

• Humidification of Moist Air.

• Evaporative Cooling of Moist Air.

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Introduction
Analysis of Psychrometric Processes :

1. Control Volume (C.V.)

2. Conservation of Mass.
3. Conservation of Energy

Assumptions :
1. Steady – Flow Processes.
2. Negligible changes in K.E. and P.E.
3. No Shaft – Work.
  
Q  mh  mh
out in

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Adiabatic Mixing
A. Adiabatic Mixing of Two Streams of Moist Air :

1
Fundamental Equations :
  
m a , 2  m a ,1  m a ,3 3
ma,3
  w3 t3
2 h3
m a ,1 m a,2
W3  
W1  
W2
m a ,3 m a ,3
 
m a ,1 m a,2
h3  
h1  
h2
m a ,3 m a ,3
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Adiabatic Mixing

By eliminating, m a ,3
1

ma ,1 h2  h3 W2  W3
  3
ma , 2 h3  h1 W3  W1 ma,3
w3 t3
2 h3

h3  h2 h3  h1

W3  W2 W3  W1

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Adiabatic Mixing

Slope of Process 2 – 3 = Slope of Process 1 – 3

h2
2
W2

Humidity Ratio
Point 3 must lie on line 1 – 2; h3
3
with Proportional Lengths...!! W3
h1
1
W1

t1 t3 t2
Dry-Bulb Temp
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Adiabatic Mixing
  
ma,3 (c pa W3c pw ) t3  ma,1 (c pa  W1c pw ) t1  ma, 2 (c pa  W2c pw ) t2

In terms of Specific Heats of Mixtures : h2

  
ma,3 c p3 t3  ma,1 c p1 t1  ma,2 c p 2 t2 2
W2

Humidity Ratio
h3
Sp. Heats are approximately equal : 3
W3
c p 3 c p 2 c p1
h1
1
W1
 
m a ,1 m a,2
t3  
t1  
t2
t1 t3 t2
m a ,3 m a ,3 Dry-Bulb Temp
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 1
One stream of moist air 30 m3 / min , 20 ºC dry-bulb temperature, 15 ºC thermodynamic
wet-bulb temperature is mixed with a second stream 15 m3 / min , 30 ºC dry bulb
temperature, 25 ºC thermodynamic wet bulb temperature. Barometric pressure is 1.0132
bar. Determine the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of the resulting mixture.

Locate State 1 & 2

v1  0.849m3 / kg
tw2
v 2  0.885m3 / kg 2

 30
m a ,1   35.33kg / min tw1
0.849
1
 15
m a,2   16.94kg / min
0.885 v1 v2
td1 td2
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 1….cntd.

m a ,3  35.33  16.94  52.27kg / min

From Fig. :

W1  0.0087kg / kga tw2

2
W2

W2  0.018kg / kga tw1 W1

1

td1 td2
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 1….cntd.

35.33 16.94
W3  0.0087  0.018
52.27 52.27
 0.01171kg / kga

State 3 : tw2
2
W2
Dry-Bulb Temp @ 3 = 23 ºC tw3
3
W3
Wet-Bulb Temp @ 3 = 19ºC tw1 W1
1
….ANS

td1 td3 td2

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Sensible Heating / Cooling

B. Sensible Heating / Cooling of Moist Air :

Sensible Heating Heat Addition to Moist Air without addition of moisture.

Sensible Cooling Heat Removal from Moist Air without removal of moisture.

Heating

Humidity
Medium

Ratio
1 2 h2
ma1 ma2
t1 t2 h1
W1= W2
W1 1Q2 W2 1 2
h1 h2

Sensible Heating t1 t2
Process Dry-Bulb Temp
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Sensible Heating / Cooling

Steady Flow Energy Equation :
  

Humidity
m a ,1 h 1  Q 2  m a , 2 h 2

Ratio
h2

 
ma , 2  ma ,1 h1
W1= W2
1 2
 
& m a , 2 W2  m a ,1 W1
t1 t2

Q 2  ma h 2  h1 
 
Dry-Bulb Temp
1

Q 2  ma CP,a  CP,a W t2  t1 

 

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 2
Moist air enters a steam heating coil at 5 0C dry-bulb temperature and 3 0C thermodynamic
wet-bulb temperature, at a rate of 60 m3 per min. Barometric pressure is 92526.60 Pa. The
air leaves the coil at a dry bulb temperature of 60 0C. Determine mass flow rate of dry and
saturated steam at 100 0C required, if the condensate leaves the coil at 80 0C.

Given,
DBT1 = 5 0C, WBT1 = 3 0C,
mv= 60 m3/min = 3600 m3/hr,
Barometric pressure = 92526.60 Pa.
DBT2 = 600 C,
t1 = 1000 C, t2 = 800 C
1 2

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 2….cntd.
From Psychrometric Chart :

h1= 15.94 kJ/kg, W1= 4.342 g/kg, v1= 0.868 m3/kg

WBT2 = 23.083 0C, h2= 71.752 kJ/kg, v2= 1.040 m3/kg

Mass flow rate of steam

Volume (m 3 /min)

Specific volume (m 3 /kg)
3600

0.868
kg
 4147.465 1 2
hr
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 2….cntd.
Sensible Heating :

1 Q 2  m a h 2  h1   4147.465 71.752  15.94   231478.316

  kJ
hr

For the steam, by steam table, hg (at 1000 C) = 2675.57 kJ/kg.

For the condensate, by steam table, hf (at 800 C) = 335.012 kJ/kg.

Thus, the rate of steam flow is,

231478.316 kg
m2   98.898 ….ANS
(2675.57  335.012) hr

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Dehumidification
C. Dehumidification :

Moisture Condensates Moist Air is cooled below its Dew Point.

Ideal Case : Condensation occurs when Tair = Dew Point Temp (DPT).

Further reduction Saturation Line till final state.

Real Case :

Air temperature near to the Heat Exchanger surfaces will drop below DPT.

While that near Centre Line of passage remains above DPT.

Dehumidification occurs even though average temperature is above DPT.

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Dehumidification

Humidity
Refrigerant

Ratio
DPT 1
1 2 W1
ma1 ma2 2R
1Q2 W2R
t1 2I
t2 W2I
W1 W2
h1 h2

t2I t2R t1
Dehumidification Process Dry-Bulb Temp

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Dehumidification
Assuming condensate leaves at final temperature t2,

Humidity
Steady Flow Energy Equation :

Ratio
DPT 1
    W1
1 Q2  ma,1 h1  ma, 2 h2  m f h f , 2 2R W2R
2I
W2I
Law Conservation of Mass :
  
Dry Air : m a ,1  m a , 2  m a
   t2I t2R t1
Water : ma,1 W1  ma, 2 W2  m f Dry-Bulb Temp
 
m f  m a W1  W2 


Q2  ma h2  h1   W2  W1 h f , 2 
 

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Dehumidification – Bypass Factor

Bypass Factor : Another approach analyzing the process.

1 2
ma1 Complete ma2
t1 ma,b mixing
t2
ma,d
W1 W2
h1 Td,sat h2

Dehumidification Process

Cooling Coil :
1. Portion of the air brought to saturation at apparatus DPT.
2. Remaining air bypasses the cooling coil.
3. Final state is Adiabatic Mixing of the above two air states.

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Dehumidification – Bypass Factor

Law Conservation of Mass :
  
m a ,1  m a , 2  m a
  

Humidity
m a ,b  m a , d  m a

Ratio
DPT 1
Straight Line, extended W1

to Sat. Curve. 2R
W2R
m a ,b 2I
Bypass Factor : b 
W2I

ma
Mixing Process :
t2I t2R t1
 
m a ,d m a ,b Dry-Bulb Temp
t2  
td  
t1
ma ma
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Dehumidification – Bypass Factor


m a ,b t2 td


Humidity
Ratio

ma t1  t d DPT
Straight Line, extended
1
W1
to Sat. Curve. 2R
W2R
2I
W2I
Bypass Factor :

t2 td
b t2I t2R t1
t1  t d
Dry-Bulb Temp

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Dehumidification – Bypass Factor

Bypass Factor approach Divides the total load on the coil into

Sensible Load +Latent Load components.

  
Q R  Q RS  Q RL
 
Q RS  m a CP t1  t 2 

t1  t2   t1  td 1  b

 
Rate of Sensible Cooling : Q RS  m a CP t1  t d 1  b 
 
 Q RS m a CP t1  t d 1  b 
Total Cooling Capacity: QR  
SHR SHR
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 3
Moist air enters a cooling coil at 28 OC dry-bulb temperature and 50 % relative humidity at
a flow rate of 1.5 kg/s. Barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa. The air leaves at 13 OC dry-bulb
temperature and 90 % relative humidity. Calculate the air conditioning load on the coil.

RH1
From Psychrometric Chart :

W1 = 0.0118 kg/kg of air RH2

h1
h1 = 58.2 kJ/kg of air
1
W2 = 0.0084 kg/kg of air h2
W1

h2 = 34.2 kJ/kg of air W2

2

t2 t1

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 3….cntd.
 kg kJ
m a  1.5 of air ….given h f ,2  53.61 ….hf @ 13 ºC
sec kg of water
Air Conditioning Load :


Q 2  m a h 2  h1   W 2  W1 h f , 2 
 

 1.5 34.2  58.2  0.0084  0.00118  53.61

  35.7 
kJ
….ANS
sec
Negative sign shows heat is rejected by the open steady flow system…!!

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

Any Process on Psychrometric Chart,

Process 1 → 2 : 1 → 0 + 0 → 2
2
SHF Sensible Latent
Heat Heat
LH
Sensible Heat
1 SH 0 Sensible Heat Factor 
Total Heat

SH SH
SHF  
SH  LH TH
Sensible Heat Factor  Sensible Heat Ratio
SHF  SHR
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

Q S  SH  ma h0  h1   ma CPa T0  T1 
  

Q L  LH  ma h 2  h0   ma w 2  w0 h fg0
  

2
  
SHF QT  TH  Q S  Q L
LH SH
SHF 
TH
m a CPa T 0  T1 
1 SH 0 


m a CPa T 0  T1   m a w 2  w 0 h fg0
 

1

h fg0 (w 2  w 0 )
1
C Pa (T 0  T1 )
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

h fg0 ( w 2  w 0 )
CPa (T0  T1 )

SHF Scale
ω
2
≡ Slope of SHF Line on Psychrometric Chart.
SHF

LH For any arbitrarily selected values of 1 → 2 :

1 SH 0
Slope of SHF α Cpa, hfg0

Ref. Pt. Variation in Cpa, hfg0 is ↓

Tdb for usual operating conditions of Air Conditioning.

SHF Scale on the Psychrometric Chart,

with pre-selected Ref. Pt.
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

Qs,r
Generally, Return Air from Conditioned Ql,r
Space (State 2) is mixed with incoming Exhaust Fan

Ambient Air (State 1) before 2

recirculation through the Cooling Coil

Return Air
(State 3).

Mixture to pass over the Cooling Coil

(State 3) to obtain Supply Conditions 3 4
(State 4). 1
Make up
Air Blower
Qs,c
Room Heat Load : Process 4 → 2 Ql,c

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

Qs,r
1 Ql,r
Exhaust Fan
3
2

TLH
2

Return Air
RLH
4
RSH
TSH
3 4
1
Room Heat Load :
Make up
Process 4 → 2 Air Blower
Qs,c
Ql,c
↑ Tdb & ↑ ω
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

Process 4 → 2 : Processes related to Room Load

Room Sensible Heat Factor RSHF 

1
RSH

GSHF Line 3 RSH  RLH
RSHF Line RSH


TLH
2
RLH
RTH
4 Process 4 → 3 : Room Load + Outdoor Load
RSH
TSH Grand Sensible Heat Factor GSHF 
TSH

TSH  TLH
TSH

GTH
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

If GSHF Line is extended till Saturation Curve,

1 it cuts @ pt. ‘s’

GSHF Line Apparatus Dew Point (ADP)

3
RSHF Line

TLH
Effective Surface Temp. of Cooling Coil.
2
RLH

4
s RSH Temp. which would produce the Same
TSH Leaving Air Conditions, as the

ADP = tS
Non-uniform Surface Temp. of the
Coil, would have produced.

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

Intersection of GSHF and RSHF (known);

1

Supply Air Condition (State 4)

GSHF Line 3

TLH
Part of Mixture Air, reduced to ADP +
2
Remaining is Bypassed the Cooling Coil.
RLH

4
s RSH
TSH Another Definition for Bypass Factor..!!

l 4  s  Tdb ,4  Ts h 4  h s w 4  w s
ADP = tS
X   
l 3  s  Tdb ,3  Ts h 3  h s w 4  w s
NOTE : (1-X) is also known as Contact Factor…!!!
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

1
EffectiveSensible Heat Factor ESHF 
GSHF Line 3
RSHF Line ERSH

TLH

ESHF Line 2 ERSH  ERLH
RLH

4
s RSH ERSH
TSH 
ERTH
ADP = tS

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

Effective Sensible Heat :

1
Load due to Outside Air (OA),
GSHF Line 3
passing the Cooling Coil, is added
RSHF Line

TLH
ESHF Line to Rom Heat Load.
2
RLH

4
s 4’ RSH
Bypassed Air across the Cooling
TSH
Coil is reduced to Room Design
ADP = tS Conditions from the Outside
Conditions.

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

SHF and its Use

1

ω
GSHF Line

SHF Scale
3

RSHF Line

TLH
ESHF Line
2
4
s 4’

RLH
RSH
Ref. Pt.

TSH
ADP = tS Tdb

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 4
The total room cooling load is estimated to be 1,40,000 kJ/hr when the ambient and inside
design conditions are dry bulb temperature of 40 °C, thermodynamic wet bulb temperature
of 30 °C; and dry bulb temperature of 27 °C, relative humidity of 60 %. The bypass factor
for the cooling coil is 0.14, and the apparatus dew point being 4.5 ° lower than that of the
dew point temperature corresponding to the room design condition. Determine, with help of
Psychrometric Chart, :
1. Apparatus dew point.
2. Volume of air supplied to the room.
3. Tonnage of the cooling coil,

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 4….cntd.
Ambient Design Conditions (State 1) :
DBT = 40 °C, and WBT = 30 °C

h1 = 100 kJ / kg
h1
v1 = 0.92 m3 / kg
1
Room Design Conditions (State 2) :
h2
v1
DBT = 27 °C, and ϕ = 60 %
2
Tdp
Tadp
Dew Pt. Temp = 18.6 °C.
s

Tadp = 18.6 – 4.5 = 14.1 °C.

….ANS
h2 = 62 kJ / kg

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 4….cntd.
Steps :

1. Join 1 → 2.

2. Join 2 → s.

3. Cut 14 % of l (2-s) ≡ (State 4’) h1

…X = 0.14 (given)
1
4. Join 4’ → 1.
h2
5. Try to locate the State Point v1
3
≡ (State 3) on Line 1 → 2; Tdp
2
Tadp
such as the intersection of
s 4’
GSHF Line (i.e. Line 3 → s)
and Line 1 → 4’ will yield
l (4-s) as 14 % of GSHF
Line…!!

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 4….cntd.
State Point (State 3) :

h3 = 70 kJ / kg.

(State 4) : h1

h4 = 45 kJ / kg. 1
h3
h2
v4 = 0.83 m3 / kg v1
h4 T 3
dp
Tadp 2
4
s 4’ GSHF Line

v4

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 4….cntd.
Total Room Heat Load = 1,44,000 kJ / hr.

m a h 2  h 4   1,44,000  

 kJ 
 hr 
 1,44,000 h1
ma 
(h 2  h 4 ) 1
h3
1,44,000  kJ kg  h2
    v1
62  45  hr kJ  h4 T
dp
3
Tadp 2
 kg  4
 8470.6   s 4’ GSHF Line
 hr 
v4
 kg 
 2.353 
 sec 
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 4….cntd.
  kg m 3 
V  m 4  v4  2.353  0.83   
 sec kg 
 m3 
 1.953   ….ANS
 sec  h1

Q 3 4  m 4 h 3  h 4 
 
1
h3
 kg kJ 
 
 2.353  70  45   
h2
v1
 sec kg  h4 T
dp
3
Tadp 2
 kJ 
 58.825  OR kW  s 4’
4
GSHF Line
 sec 
v4
 16.81 tonne
58.825

3.5
….ANS
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Humidification of Moist Air

D. Humidification of Moist Air :

Psychrometric process employed is that of adding only moisture to air.

1 2
Perfect Insulation

2B 2 2A W2
ma1 , ma2 ,
t1 , t2 ,
h1 h2
W1
1

Humidification
t2B t1= t2 t2A

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Humidification of Moist Air

 
m w  ma W2  W1 

mw hw  ma h2  h1 
 

h 2  h1
q'   hw 2B 2 2A W2
W2  W1

i.e. Slope of the Line W1

1
α Enthalpy of Moisture added.

t2B t1= t2 t2A

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 5
Moist air enters a humidifier at 40 0C dry-bulb temperature and 20 ºC wet-bulb
temperature. Wet steam at 101.325 kPa and 75 % quality (i.e. percent vapour) is injected
into the moist air flow. The moist sir exits the humidifier with a relative humidity of 60 %.
Determine the dry-bulb temp. of the air as it leaves the humidifier.

@ 101.325 kPa :
hf = 419.51 kJ / kg of water
hg = 2675.60 kJ / kg of water

h  h f  x  h fg
 419.51  0.752675.6  419.51
kJ
 2111.58 of water
kg

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 5….cntd.

Slope of the SHR Protractor :

q’ = hw
= 2.1 kJ / gm of water.
2

Line || to SHR Protractor,

with slope 2.1,
t2 = 34 ºC till Φ = 60 %

….ANS

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 6
Moist air is heated and humidified by passing it first over a heating coil and then adding
moisture. The moist air enters the system at 4.5 ºC dry-bulb temperature and 2 ºC
thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature at the rate of 106.6 kg/min. The humidifier injects
saturated steam at 110 ºC. The moist air exits the system at 32 ºC dry-bulb temperature and
40 % relative humidity. Locate state 2 on the Psychrometric Chart and determine :
1. Rate of heat addition by the heating coil, and
2. Rate of mass addition by the humidifier.

State 1 : 4.5 ºC DBT, 2 ºC WBT.

State 3 : 32 ºC DBT, 40 % Rel. Humidity.

Both States can be located.

Slope of the SHR Protractor :

q’ = hw
= 2690.1 kJ / kg of water…..hg @ 110 ºC
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 6….cntd.
Line with Slope on SHR Protractor = 2.69 kJ / gm.….till it intersect the Const. W Line

t2 = 31 ºC

From Psychrometric Chart :

Line || to SHR Protractor,

h1 = 13.147 kJ / kg with slope 2.69 kJ/kg,
till it touches W1 = W2 line
W1 = W2 = 0.0035 kgw / kga 3 W3

h3 = 63.35 kJ / kg
W3 = 0.012 kgw / kga 2 W1=W2
1
h2 = 40 kJ / kg
t1 t2 t3

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 6….cntd.

Rate of Heat Addition :

Q 2  m h 2  h1 
 

 106.6 40  13.147 

Line || to SHR Protractor,
kJ with slope 2.69 kJ/kg,
 2862.53 ….ANS till it touches W1 = W2 line
min 3 W3

2 W1=W2
1

t1 t2 t3

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 6….cntd.

Rate of Water Addition :

Line || to SHR Protractor,

m w  m a W 3  W 2 
  with slope 2.69 kJ/kg,
till it touches W1 = W2 line
3 W3

 106.6 0.012  0.0035

2 W1=W2
kg….ANS 1
 0.906
min
t1 t2 t3

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Evaporative Cooling
E. Evaporative Cooling :

Liquid water lifted from the Sump to a

Distributed System. 1 2
Perfect Insulation Eliminator
Plate
Portion of the liquid not evaporated,
returned to Sump for recirculation. W2 ,
W1 ,
t2 ,
t1 ,
h2
Air passing through h1
Water @ t*
the Evaporative Cooler;

Makeup Water @ t*
Constant Wet-Bulb Temp.
Evaporative Cooler

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Evaporative Cooling

Min. Temp to which air can be cooled :

Wet Bulb Temp. t*

Ws*
2 W2

Humidity
Extent to which complete saturation :
W1

Ratio
1
Saturation Effectiveness, ec.

t1  t 2
ec 
t1  t * t*t2 t1
Dry-Bulb Temp

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Example 7
Moist air enters an evaporative cooler at 35 0C dry-bulb temperature and 10 percent
relative humidity. The evaporative cooling has a saturation effectiveness of 85 percent.
Determine the dry-bulb temp. and rel. humidity of air existing the evaporative cooler.

T1 = 35 0C & RH1 = 10 %

t* = 15.8 0C

t1  t 2 35  t 2
ec  0.85 
t1  t * 35  15.8
2
t2 = 18.77 0C
1
Φ2 = 75 %
….ANS
ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.
 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

Thank You !

ME 0308 SEM-VI Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Theory T. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.