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Electromagnetic Theory TE-301 Vectors Lectures 2&3

This document discusses vectors and their properties in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It defines vectors as having both magnitude and direction, unlike scalars which only have magnitude. It covers the addition and multiplication of vectors, as well as the dot and cross products. It also discusses vector-valued functions and their differentiation and integration.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
56 views42 pages

Electromagnetic Theory TE-301 Vectors Lectures 2&3

This document discusses vectors and their properties in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It defines vectors as having both magnitude and direction, unlike scalars which only have magnitude. It covers the addition and multiplication of vectors, as well as the dot and cross products. It also discusses vector-valued functions and their differentiation and integration.

Uploaded by

TaYyba Noreen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic Theory

TE-301

Vectors

Lectures 2&3
Basic Vector Algebra

Scalars are quantities having only a magnitude.


•Length, mass, temperature etc.

Vectors are quantities having both a magnitude and


a direction.
•Force, velocity, acceleration etc.

4/20/2019 2
Coordinate System

Plane z=const
z
z
Plane y=const
Rectangular
y
or Cartesian
x x
Coordinate
y
Point P at (x,y,z)
Plane x=const

4/20/2019 3
Coordinate System

z Plane z=const
z


Cylindrical
r Point P at (r,,z)
Coordinate

y
Cylinder r=const
Phane =const
x

4/20/2019 4
Coordinate System
z

Cone  =const
Point P at (r,,)

r

Spherical
 r 
y
Coordinate

Sphere r=const

Plane =const
x

4/20/2019 5
Vectors in Cartesian Coordinate System
z
(A1, A2, A3)
A
A = A1i + A2j + A3k = (A1, A2, A3)
A3

A1 A2 y i, j, and k are unit vectors pointing


x in the positive x, y, and z directions
z

A1, A2 and A3 are called x, y, and z


k j component of vector A
y
i
x

4/20/2019 6
Vectors in Cartesian Coordinate System

Magnitude of A: A  A  A12  A22  A32

A A1i  A2 j  A3k
Direction of A: aˆ  
A A12  A2 2  A32
It is a unit directional vector !

Equality: If A = B, it means A = B and also aˆ  bˆ

Does the equality of two vectors necessarily imply that


they are identical?

4/20/2019 7
Addition of Vectors
Adding corresponding components
A = (A1, A2, A3)
A + B = (A1 + B1, A2 + B2, A3 + B3)
B = (B1, B2, B3)

Geometrical representation
(a) A pair of vectors A and B
(b) Added by the head-to-tail
method
(c) Added by parallelogram law

(d) B is subtracted from A

4/20/2019 8
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
αA = (αA1, αA2, αA3), α is a real number

If α > 0, multiply the length of the vector by α;


the direction unchanged

What happens if α < 0?

If α < 0, multiply the length of the vector by α;


the direction changed by 180°

4/20/2019 9
Basic Properties of the Above Algebraic

1. Commutative law: A + B = B + A.
2. Associate law: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
3. Zero vector (0, 0, 0): A + (0, 0, 0) = A.
4. Negative vector: -A = (-A1, -A2, -A3).
5. α(A + B) = αA +αB.
6. (αβ)A = α(βA)
7. (α + β)A = αA + βA.

4/20/2019 10
Dot Product
If A = A1i + A2j + A3k and B = B1i + B2j + B3k
A . B = A1B1 + A2B2 + A3B3

Another name: scalar product.

Example: If A = (1, -3, 2) and B = (4, 5, -8), the dot product


of A and B is -27.
Basic properties of the dot product:
1. A . B = B . A
2. (A + B) . C = A . C + B . C
3. A . (0, 0, 0) = (0, 0, 0)
4. A . A = |A|2 = A2

4/20/2019 11
Geometric Interpretation of Dot Product

A . B = |A||B|cos = ABcos

A .B
cos  
A B

If two nonzero vectors cos  0   90°


A . B = 0, then

Perpendicular

4/20/2019 12
Cross Product
If A = A1i + A2j + A3k and B = B1i + B2j + B3k

i j k
A  B = A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
 ( A2 B3  B2 A3 )i  ( A1 B3  B1 A3 ) j  ( A1B2  B1 A2 )k

4/20/2019 13
Geometric Interpretation
A  B = A B sin  nˆ

If two nonzero vectors


A × B = 0, then sin  0   0°or 180°

Parallel

4/20/2019 14
Example:
Let A = (1, -3, 2) and B = (4, 5, -8), then
i j k
A  B = A B sin  nˆ = 1 3 2
4 5 8
 ((3)  (8)  2  5)i  (1 (8)  4  2) j  (1 5  (3)  4)k
= 14i  16 j  17k

Basic properties of cross product:


1. A × B = -B × A
2. (A + B) × C = A × C + B × C
3. A × (B × C) = (A . C)B – (A . B)C

4/20/2019 15
Vector and Scalar Functions
A vector valued function A(t) is a rule that associates with
each real number t a vector A(t).

A(t) = A1(t)i + A2(t)j + A3(t)k

For example, f(t) = t3 – 2t + 4 is a scalar function of a


single variable t, while A(t) = cos ti + sin tj + tk is a vector
function of t.

4/20/2019 16
Vector Differentiation
A vector function A(t) is differentiable at a point t if
A(t  t )  A(t )
A '(t )  lim
t 0 t
exists, and A′(t) is called the derivative of A(t), written as
A′(t) = A1′(t)i + A2′(t)j + A3′(t)k
Calculate the derivative of each component!

Example:
Let A(t) = cos ti + sin tj + tk. Find the derivative of A(t).
Solution:
A′(t) = -sin ti + cos tj + k

4/20/2019 17
Rules of Vector Differentiation

dA d dA dp
 0, if A = constant. ( pA)  p  A
dt dt dt dt

d dA dB d dB dA
( A  B)   ( A . B)  A .  .B
dt dt dt dt dt dt
d dA du d dB dA
A(u )  ( A  B)  A   B
dt du dt dt dt dt

4/20/2019 18
Vector Integration
Let A(t) = A1(t)i + A2(t)j + A3(t)k and suppose that the
component functions A1(t), A2(t) and A3(t) are integrable.
Then the indefinite integral of A(t) is defined by

 A(t )dt  i  A (t )dt  j A (t )dt  k  A (t )dt


1 2 3

Calculate the integral of each component!

If A1(t), A2(t) and A3(t) are integrable over the interval


[t1, t2], then the definite integral of A(t) is defined by
t2 t2 t2 t2
t1
A(t )dt  i  A1 (t )dt  j A2 (t )dt  k  A3 (t )dt
t1 t1 t1

4/20/2019 19
Example
2
Let A(t) = cos ti + sin tj + tk. Find 0
A(t )dt

Solution:
2 2 2 2

0
A(t )dt  i 
0
A1 (t )dt  j
0
A2 (t )dt  k 
0
A3 (t )dt
2 2 2
 i  cos tdt  j sin tdt  k  tdt
0 0 0

2 2 1 2 2
 i sin t 0  j cos t 0 k t
2 0
 2 2k

4/20/2019 20
Line Integral of Vector Functions
B
B

dl

P
 P  dl   P cos dl ,
L A
dl = dxi +dyj +dzk

C For a closed loop, i.e. ABCA,

Path L A  P  dl
L
= circulation of P around L

Line given by L(x(s), y(s), z(s)), s = parametric variable


dx( s) dy ( s) dz ( s )
dx  ds, dy  ds, dz  ds.
ds ds ds
Always take the differential element dl as positive and
insert the integral limits according to the paths!!!

4/20/2019 21
Example
For F = yi – xj, calculate the circulation of F along the two
paths as shown below.
Solution:
(1,2,4) dl = dxi +dyj +dzk
C2=Cx+Cy+Cz C1

Cz F  dl  ydx  xdy
Cx
(1,0,0) y
Along path C2
x Cy
(1,2,0)  F  dl   F  dl   F  dl   F  dl
C2 Cx Cy Cz
1 2 4

 F  dl   ydx
C2 0
y 0
   xdy x 1   0dz  2
0 0

4/20/2019 22
Example - Continue
(1,2,4)
Along path C1
C2=Cx+Cy+Cz C1

Cz Using x as the parametric variable,


(1,0,0)
Cx the path equations are given as
y

x Cy
(1,2,0) x ( x )  x , y ( x )  2 x, z ( x )  4 x
Therefore,
dx  x  dy  x  dz ( x)
dx  dx  dx, dy  dx  2dx, dz  dx  4dx
dx dx dx
and F dl  ( yi  xj) (dxi  2dxj  4dxk )
 ydx  2 xdx  2 xdx  2 xdx  0

  F  dl  0
C1

4/20/2019 23
Example - Continue
 F  dl   F  dl   F  dl  2  0
C1 C2

The vector field defined by F in a given domain is non-


conservative. The line integral is dependent on the
integration path!

 F  dl
C
is work done on an object along path C if F = force !!

Yes, because the work done when we move a charge


from one point to another is independent of the path but
determined by the potential difference between these two
points.
4/20/2019 24
Surface Integral
P
Surface integral or the flux of
P across the surface S is

   P  nˆ dS   P cos  dS
Smooth
Surface S
n̂ S S
dS
n̂ is the outward unit vector
normal to the surface.

For closed surface,

   P  nˆ dS = net outward flux of P.


S

4/20/2019 25
Example
If F = xi + yj + (z2 – 1)k, calculate the flux of F across the
surface shown in the figure.
z Solution:
   F  nˆ dS
F S
(-1, -1, 2) (-1, 1, 2)
1 1
  ( xi  yj  ( z 2  1)k ) kdxdy
n̂ 1 1 z 2
(1, -1, 2) 1 1
 
(1, 1, 2)
( z 2  1) dxdy
1 1 z 2
1 1
y   3dxdy
1 1
x
 12

4/20/2019 26
Volume Integral
 FdV  i 
V V
Fx dV  j Fy dV  k  Fz dV
V V

Evaluation : choose a suitable integration order and then


find out the suitable lower and upper limits for x, y and z
respectively.

Example: Let F = 2xzi – xj + y2k. Evaluate  FdV


V

where V is the region bounded by the surface x = 0, x


= 2, y = 0, y = 6, z = 0, z = 4.

4/20/2019 27
Volume Integral
Solution:
x2 y 6 z 4
 V
FdV  
x 0  
y 0 z 0
(2 xzi  xj  y 2k )dzdydx
x2 y 6 z 4 x 2 y 6 z 4
 i   2 xzdzdydx  j   ( x)dzdydx
x 0 y 0 z 0 x 0 y 0 z 0
x2 y 6 z 4
k    y 2 dzdydx
x 0 y 0 z 0

 192i  48 j  576k
In electromagnetic,

  dV  Q
V
v = Total charge within the volume

where v = volume charge density (C/m3)

4/20/2019 28
Scalar Field
Every point in a region of space is assigned a scalar value
obtained from a scalar function f(x, y, z), then a scalar field
f(x, y, z) is defined in the region, such as the pressure in
atmosphere and mass density within the earth, etc.

Partial Derivatives
f f ( x  x, y,...)  f ( x, y,...)
 lim
x x 0 x

Mixed second partials


2 f  f

yx y x

4/20/2019 29
Example
f f
Let f = x2 + 2y2. Calculate x and y

Solution:
f 
 ( x2  2 y 2 )
x x
 2x

f 
 ( x2  2 y 2 )
y y
 4y

4/20/2019 30
Gradient
Del operator
  
  i  j k
x y z

Gradient
f f f
grad f  f  i  j k
x y z

Gradient characterizes maximum increase. If at a point P


the gradient of f is not the zero vector, it represents the
direction of maximum space rate of increase in f at P.

4/20/2019 31
Example
Given potential function V = x2y + xy2 + xz2, (a) find the
gradient of V, and (b) evaluate it at (1, -1, 3).

Solution:
(a) V V V
V  i j k
x y z
 (2 xy  y 2  z 2 )i  ( x 2  2 xy ) j  2 xzk

(b) V  (2  1  9)i  (1  2) j  6k


(1, 1,3)

= 8i  j  6k

8i  j  6k 1 Direction of
aˆ   (8i  j  6k )
82  (1) 2  62 101 maximum increase

4/20/2019 32
Vector Field
Electric field: E = E(x, y, z), Magnetic field : H = H(x, y, z)
Every point in a region of space is assigned a vector
value obtained from a vector function A(x, y, z), then a
vector field A(x, y, z) is defined in the region.

A A1 A2 A3


 i j k
tl tl tl tl

R
 a sin t1i  a cos t1 j
R(t1, t2) = acos t1i + asin t1j + t2k t1
R
k
t2

4/20/2019 33
Divergence of a Vector Field
Representing field variations graphically by directed field
lines - flux lines

A B
P P

4/20/2019 34
Divergence of a Vector Field
The divergence of a vector field A at a point is defined as
the net outward flux of A per unit volume as the volume
about the point tends to zero:

 A  ds
div A  lim S

v 0 v

It indicates the presence of a source (or sink)!  term the


source as flow source. And div A is a measure of the
strength of the flow source.

4/20/2019 35
4/20/2019 36
Divergence Operator
z

 A  nˆ dS
ˆ z
zA  A  S

xyz

y
ˆ y
yA

ˆ x
xA x, y, z  0
x

The divergence measures the rate at which flux emanates from a region of space.

4/20/2019 37
Divergence of a Vector Field
In rectangular coordinate, the divergence of A can be
calculated as
  
div A   A  (
i  j  k ) ( A1i  A2 j  A3k )
x y z
A A A
 1 2 3
x y z

For instance, if A = 3xzi + 2xyj – yz2k, then

div A = 3z + 2x – 2yz
At (1, 2, 2), div A = 0; at (1, 1, 2), div A = 4, there is a
source; at (1, 3, 1), div A = -1, there is a sink.

4/20/2019 38
Curl of a Vector Field
The curl of a vector field A is a vector whose magnitude
is the maximum net circulation of A per unit area as the
area tends to zero and whose direction is the normal
direction of the area.
 A  dl
curl A  lim L
s 0 s
It is an indication of a vortex source, which causes a
circulation of a vector field around it.

Water whirling down a sink drain is an example of a


vortex sink causing a circulation of fluid velocity.
If A is electric field intensity, then the circulation will be
an electromotive force around the closed path.
4/20/2019 39
Curl of a Vector Field
In rectangular coordinate, curl A can be calculated as

i j k
  
curl A    A 
x y z
a1 a2 a3
 A3 A2   A1 A3   A2 A1 
  i     j   k
 y z   z x   x y 

4/20/2019 40
Curl of a Vector Field
Example:
If A = yzi + 3zxj + zk, then
i j k
  
curl A    A 
x y z
yz 3zx z
 z  (3zx)    ( yz ) z    (3zx) ( yz ) 
  i     j  k
 y z   z x   x y 
 3xi  yj  2 zk

4/20/2019 41
Curl Operator

z y ,  z  0
C  A  dr
x̂ z    A  xˆ  C

yz
y "right-hand rule"
y
z A = velocity vector

  A  xˆ < 0
river
paddle wheel y

A component of the curl tells us the rotation about that axis.


4/20/2019 42

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