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Group Theory: Binary Operations

This document discusses binary operations on sets. A binary operation on a set S is a rule that assigns an element of S to each ordered pair of elements of S. Examples of binary operations include addition, multiplication, subtraction, and minimum on various sets. A binary operation is commutative if a*b = b*a for all a and b in S, and associative if (a*b)*c = a*(b*c) for all a, b, c in S. Addition and multiplication are examples of operations that are commutative and associative on sets like the integers, while subtraction is neither on the integers.

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115 views18 pages

Group Theory: Binary Operations

This document discusses binary operations on sets. A binary operation on a set S is a rule that assigns an element of S to each ordered pair of elements of S. Examples of binary operations include addition, multiplication, subtraction, and minimum on various sets. A binary operation is commutative if a*b = b*a for all a and b in S, and associative if (a*b)*c = a*(b*c) for all a, b, c in S. Addition and multiplication are examples of operations that are commutative and associative on sets like the integers, while subtraction is neither on the integers.

Uploaded by

sajId146
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Group Theory

Binary Operations
Binary Operations

 Let S be a set and


a, b  S .
Binary Operations

 Let S be a set and


a, b  S .
 A binary operation 
on S is a rule which
assigns to any ordered
pair (a, b) an element
a b  S.
Binary Operations

Examples
 For S  , , , , ,
a b  a  b
Binary Operations

Examples
 For S  , , , , ,
a b  a  b
 For S  , , , , ,
a  b  ab

Binary Operations

Examples
 For S  , , , , ,
a b  a  b
 For S  , , , , ,
a  b  ab
 For S , , , ,
a b  a  b
Binary Operations

Examples
 For S  , , , , ,
a b  a  b
 For S  , , , , ,
a  b  ab
 For S  , , , ,
a b  a  b
 For S  , , , ,
a  b  min(a, b)
Binary Operations

Examples
 For S  1, 2,3
a b  b
Binary Operations

Examples
 For S  1, 2,3
a b  b
 For example
1  2  2,
1 1  1,
2  3  3.
Binary Operations

Examples
 For S  , a  b  a / b is not everywhere
defined since no rational number is assigned by
this rule to the pair (3, 0).
Binary Operations

Examples
 For S  , a  b  a / b is not everywhere
defined since no rational number is assigned by
this rule to the pair (3, 0).
 For S   , a  b  a / b is not a binary operation
on  since  is not closed under .
Binary Operations

Definition
 A binary operation 
on a set S is
commutative if and
only if a  b  b  a
for all a, b  S .
Binary Operations

Definition
 A binary operation 
on a set S is
associative if
(a  b)  c  a  (b  c)
for all a, b, c  S .
Binary Operations

Examples
 The binary operation  defined by
a b  a  b
is commutative and associative in .
Binary Operations

Examples
 The binary operation  defined by
a b  a  b
is commutative and associative in .
 The binary operation  defined by
a  b  ab
is commutative and associative in .
Binary Operations

 The binary operation defined by a  b  a  b


is not commutative in .
Binary Operations

 The binary operation defined by a  b  a  b


is not commutative in .
 The binary operation given by a  b  a  b is
not associative in .
Binary Operations

 The binary operation defined by a  b  a  b


is not commutative in .
 The binary operation given by a  b  a  b is
not associative in .
 For instance,
(a  b)  c  (4  7)  2  5
but
a  (b  c)  4  (7  2)  1.

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