Harmonic Drive Gearing
Harmonic Drive Gearing
Harmonic Drive Gearing
The unique performance features of the hamonic drive have captured international
attention from designers as well as researchers.
COMPONENTS
All harmonic drives
consist of the same three
basic elements:
A – Circular Spline
B – Flex Spline
C – Wave Generator
CIRCULAR SPLINE
The Circular Spline is a rigid circular ring
with teeth on the inside edge that mate with
the teeth of the flex spline (blue outer ring).
It is the non-rotating element in the common
configuration.
It engages the teeth of the Flexspline across
the major axis of the Wave Generator ellipse.
The Circular Spline has two more teeth than
the Flexspline and is generally mounted onto
a housing.
FLEX SPLINE
The flex spline (FS) is a thin walled steel
cylindrical cup.
It has teeth machined into outside upper
rim of the cup.
The FS has a large diameter to allow
radial flexibility while maintaining high
torsional stiffness.
In common configuration rotates in
reverse of the wave generator plug.
The rotating output element in the
common configuration.
WAVE GENERATOR
The wave generator (WG) consists of two parts:
(yellow inner ring)
An elliptically shaped steel plug
Ball bearing
The plug is pressed into the bearing so that the
bearing conforms to the plugs elliptical shape.
The WG is pressed into the flex spline.
The WG is attached to the drive input in the most
common configuration.
This serves as a high efficiency torque converter
and is generally mounted onto the input or motor
shaft.
MATERIALS USED
CIRCULAR SPLINE:
The use of a thin lubricant film is not sufficient to avoid cold welding
between the Circular Spline and Flexspline, therefore these two parts are
made of different steel types.
FLEX SPLINE:
The Harmonic Drive Gear is designed so that the Flexspline operates in
its infinite fatigue life region.
The different tribological surfaces (teeth area and the interface to the Wave Generator) pose
additional requirements on the material selection and surface hardness and roughness.
A detailed test and qualification program is required before a new material can be
introduced.
WAVE GENERATOR:
The Wave Generator bearing is a specially designed thin wall bearing.
Due to the limitations of materials used for bearings and the special
design of the bearing the choice in most cases is 440C.
New materials such as Cronidur are under investigation.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The harmonic drive gear is unique in transmitting high
torque through an elastically deformable component.
The gear has just three concentric elements:
·
•The Circular Spline (CS) is a solid cylindrical ring with
internal gear teeth.
2. As the WG (input) rotates, the zone of tooth engagemen travels with
the major axis of the ellipse.
3. For each 180 clockwise movement of the WG, the FS (output) moves
counterclockwise by one tooth relative to the CS (fixed).
4. Each complete clockwise rotation of the WG results in the FS moving
counterlockwise by two teeth from its previous position relative to the
CS.
• The reduction ratio is therefore not a function of the relative sizes of the toothed
components, as is the case for spur gears or planetary gears, but simply of the
number of teeth.
• Using this principle of operation, reduction ratios of 30:1 to 320:1 can
be achieved with just three basic components.
MAJOR APPLICATIONS
Robotics:
Satellites, Aircraf
Medical Equipment (MRI equipment, microscope positioning)
Communications:
Compact (single stage, pancake style, coaxial input out put shafs)
Zero backlash
Cost effective
DISADVANTAGES
Gear reductions below 30:1 are limited because of the
possibility of fatiguing the flexspline.
Restricted to input power levels below 6000W.
• The gear teeth are typically lubricated with grease.
COST
•Harmonic Drives range in cost based on size, lubrication, and
configuration type.
•The drive costs a bit more than other reduction devices, but
the savings is made up by being able to reduce the
requirements for the motor and the savings in size and weight.
CONCLUSION
•Harmonic Drive gears have a long success story in demanding robotic applications.
•One area of particular interest is the development of lightweight gears. The latest
research results can reduce weight by more than 50 % without any reduction in
torque capacity or accuracy.
•This research is continuing with gears manufactured from titanium using special
surface treatments currently being tested. It is anticipated that this development can
lead to even better performance that that already achieved using composite or
aluminium components.
REFERENCE LIST
H., Dong, K. L.,Ting, and D., Wang, 2011, “Kinematic Fundamentals of Planar harmonic drives”,
ASME J. Mich.Des, 2011.01, pp.0110071-7.
Dynamic Simulation of Harmonic Gear Drives Considering Tooth Profiles Parameters
Optimization,By Huimin Dong, VOL. 7, NO. 6, JUNE 2012,Pg no 1429-1436
School of mechanical engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China.
K. Löffler, M. Gienger, F. Pfeiffer:
Sensor and Control Design of a Dynamically Stable
Biped Robot
Proc. of 2003 IEEE International Conference on
Robotics and Automation
Schäfer, B. Hirzinger, G.:
On Design, Dynamics and Simulation of Space
Robotics at DLR
Proc. of 2nd International Congress on Mechatronics,
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Leichtbaugetriebe für Roboter in der Raumfahrt
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