DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

By

Shirish.B
ME-Department
 INTRODUCTION
• The development of surface is the shape of a plain sheet
that by proper folding could be converted into the
desired object.
• A large number of objects like “Funnel, Duct of air
conditioner, chimney etc…..
 Methods of development
Development methods may be classified as the following:
1. Parallel line method: This method is adopted in the
development of prisms & cylinders, in which all the
edges/generators of lateral surface are parallel in each other.

2. Radial line method: This method is adopted in the

development of pyramids & cones in which the apex is taken as
centre & the slant edge or generator as radius of its
development.
3. Triangulation method
4. Approximation method
 Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Pyramids: (No.of
Cone: (Sector of circle)
triangles)
H

D
D
H= Height D= base diameter 

Prisms: No.of Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.

L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
 R 3600
=L
H

S S H= Height S = Edge of base

Cube: Six Squares.

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

All sides
equal in length
 FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side

Top side

 = R 3600
L

R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant edge of pyramid
L= Slant height of cone
L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
L1 = Slant height of cut part.
ENGINEERING APLICATION:-

Boiler Shells & chimneys,

 Pressure Vessels,
Shovels,
Trays,
Boxes & Cartons,
Feeding Hoppers,
Large Pipe sections,
Body & Parts of automotives,
Ships, Aeroplanes and many more.
PRESSURE VESSEL
SHOVELS
TRAYS & BOXES
FEEDING HOPPERS
HOLLOW SECTION PIPES (EXHAUST)
CARTONS
AUTOMOBILE PARTS
AEROSPACE
DEFINITION :-
Process of unfolding of surfaces of a solids.

MEANING:-
 Assume hollow object or solid object which is made-up of thin sheet.
 cut the sheet and open it from one side and unfold the sheet completely.
 Then the shape of that unfolded sheet is called development of lateral
surfaces of that object or solid.
PACKAGING
LATERAL SURFACE:-

Is the surface excluding solid’s top & bottom base.

Top and bottom

base
 BOILER SHELL & CHIMNEY (OUTER CASE) with
sheet metal
.
A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis is standing on Hp on it’s
base whose one side is perpendicular to Vp. It is cut by a section plane 450
inclined to Hp, through mid point of axis. Draw Fv,Tv. and Development of
surface of remaining solid

A B C D E A

X Y
e DEVELOPMENT
d

c
b
Example
A solid hexagonal prism of 35 mm base sides
and axis 70 mm long is having a circular hole of
50 mm diameter, drilled at its mid height. Draw
the development of lateral surface of the solid
with the hole.
Draw the top & front views of the hexagonal prism
And obtain the development sketch of the uncut solid with its lateral edges
marked.
Draw the circle of diameter 50mm to mark the hole in the front view.
Mark the cutting points of the circle with the front and the rear lateral edges
and transfer them directly to the development sketch.
Mark additional points p’& t’
And their rear coincident points in the circle by drawing tangent lines parallel
to the lateral edges.
As these points lie on the lateral faces, they are projected to the top view to
obtain their locations
The distances of p,t,t1&p1 are measured from 1,3,4 &6 respectively
And are transferred to their corresponding locations in the bottom stretch out
line
When lateral surface lines are realized through these points and are associated
with the horizontal lines from p’ etc,
the points P,T,T1 & P1 are obtained in the development sketch.
When the points pertaining to the holes are joined by means of smooth curves,
Two elliptical curves belonging to the front and rear portions of the hole
emerge in the development sketch
As already mentioned, the accuracy of the elliptical curves can be improved by
choosing more points in the circle in the front view.
 DEVELOPMENT OF CUBE
1. Draw the development of surface of a cube of side 40 mm

Area of a sq (4S)
 DEVELOPMENT OF CUBOID
2. Draw the development of a cuboid of sides 70mm, 40mm & 30 mm (l x b x t)
 DEVELOPMENT OF PRISM
3. Draw the development of a triangular prism of 40 mm base edge
and 60 mm long height
 DEVELOPMENT OF PRISM
4. Draw the development of a square prism of base side 35 mm and height of 60 mm
 DEVELOPMENT OF PRISM
5. Draw the development of a pentagonal prism 30 mm base edge and 50 mm long axis
 DEVELOPMENT OF PRISM
6. Draw the development of a hexagonal prism of base edge 25 mm and axis 60 mm long
 DEVELOPMENT OF CYLINDER
7.Draw the development of a cylinder of 40 mm diameter and 60 mm high
 DEVELOPMENT OF PYRAMIDS
Problem-1 Draw the development of lateral surface of a square pyramid
of base side 40mm & axis 60mm, resting on its base on the H.P such
that, (a) All the sides of these base are equally inclined to the V.P, & (b) A
side of the base is parallel to the V.P. D

C
O’ O

B
60

A
a’ b’,d’ c’ y
d
x

c
a o

b
(b) solution

D
By using slant edge length
only
C
O’ O

B
60

A
a’ b’,d’ c’ y
x
a d
True length of slant edge
o
b c
40
 DEVELOPMENT OF CONE
Problems:

𝑟
Θ= x 360⁰ Slant Height (h)
𝑅

Where, θ

Θ = Development Angle Of Cone

R = Slant Height ( R = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2 )

r = Radius Of Cone
Problem -1
A lamp shade is formed by cutting a cone of
base 60 mm diameter and 80 mm height by a
horizontal plane at a distance of 12 mm from
the apex and by an another plane inclined at
300 to HP & passing through one extremity
of the base. Draw the development of the
lamp shade.
PROBLEM - 2
9: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a
section plane 450 inclined to Hp through base end of end generator. Draw projections,
development of surfaces of remaining solid.

A
o’ B

E
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’
F
g
h G
f
H
a e
A

b d
c
10. A cone 40mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp( lying on Hp)
which is // to Vp. Draw it’s projections. It is cut by a horizontal section plane through it’s
base center. Draw the development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.

o’

HORIZONTAL
SECTION PLANE

X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ o’ Y
g g1
h f f1 h1

a e e1 a1 o1
O

b d d1 b1
c c1
SECTIONAL T.V
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
Prob-2 a

C
O’ O

60 B

45⁰ A
a’ b’,d’ c’ y
d
x

c
a o

b
WHAT IS OUR OBJECTIVE IN THIS TOPIC ?
To learn methods of development of surfaces of different solids, their sections and
frustums.

But before going ahead,

note following
Important points

1. Development is different drawing than PROJECTIONS.

2. It is a shape showing AREA, means it’s a 2-D plain drawing.
3. Hence all dimensions of it must be TRUE dimensions.
4. As it is representing shape of an un-folded sheet, no edges can remain hidden and
hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development.
.
SOLUTION STEPS:

For Sectional Views:-

Draw two views of standing prism.
Locate section plane in Fv as described.
Project points where edges are getting Cut on Tv as shown in illustration.
Join those points in sequence and show Section lines in it.
Make remaining part of solid dark.

For Development:-
Draw development of entire solid.
Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. in sequence as shown.
Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in st. lines.
Make existing parts darken.
SOLUTION STEPS:

for sectional views:

Draw two views of standing cone.
Locate section plane in Fv as described.
Project points where generators are getting Cut on Fv as shown in illustration.
Join those points in sequence and show Section lines in it.
Make remaining part of solid dark.

For Development:
Draw development of entire solid.
Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. in sequence as shown.
Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in curvature.
Make existing parts darken.