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Presentation On Control of Material Property

this presentation includes various methods of controlling material properties … eg annealing , hardening, spheroidising, normalizing, casehardening , carburising etc.

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Abhilasha Kushawaha
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78 views21 pages

Presentation On Control of Material Property

this presentation includes various methods of controlling material properties … eg annealing , hardening, spheroidising, normalizing, casehardening , carburising etc.

Uploaded by

Abhilasha Kushawaha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A

Seminar Presentation
on

Control of Material Property


by
Abhilasha Kushawaha
(Roll no. 1611045002)

Seminar Coordinator:
Mr. Krishna Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
Department Of Industrial & Production Engineering
Institute Of Engineering And Rural Technology
Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India 211002
METHODS TO CONTROL MATERIAL PROPERTY

 Alloying
 Heat Treatment
 Mechanical Working And Recrystallization
ALLOYING

 Alloys can be made by combining two or more metal/non metal


elements while in a molten state or by bonding powders.
 Made through physical processes.
 Alloying controls physical and chemical properties of materials.
 Purpose of Alloying:
• To increase the hardness, durability and strength of a materials.
• To prevent corrosion or rusting.
• To improve the appearance of surface
•To improve Thermal & Electrical property of material.
MATERIAL PROPERTY CHANGES DUE TO HEAT
TREATMENT

 Increase of strength and hardness.

 Improvement in toughness, ductility, machinability and


toughness.

 Relieve in the internal stresses due to manufacturing processes


such as welding, casting, forming etc.

 Homogenize the structure which is dislocated due to cold


forming & semi hot, Hot forgings etc.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN HEAT TREATMENT

 Temperature up to which material is heated.

 Time for which material is held at the elevated temperature.

 Rate of cooling.
TYPES OF HEAT TREATMENT

 Annealing  Case Hardening


 Carburizing
 Normalizing
 Carbonitriding
 Case Hardening
 Cyanide Hardening
 Tempering  Nitriding
 Spheroidizing
ANNEALING

 Stages:
1. Heat to above Upper Critical Temperature, at point the
structure changes to Austenite.
2. Hold at this temperature until equilibrium is achieved.
3. Cool to room temperature very slowly in the furnace.
 Structure will now become large-grained Pearlite.

880-920°C
Temp
Heating Furnace Cooling

60-120 Min Hold

Time
PURPOSES OF ANNEALING

1. Relieve Internal Stresses


 Internal stresses build up in metal during welding, cold
working, casting, machining etc.
 If internal stresses remains, the part may distort or crack.
 Annealing helps relieve internal stresses.
2. Increasing Softness, Machinability, and Formability
3. Refinement of Grain Structures
 After cold working, the crystal structures are elongated.
 Annealing reshape of the grains to the desired form.
SPHEROIDISING

 Stages:
1. Heat to just below Lower Critical Temperature.
2. Hold for a prolonged time (8-18 Hrs).
3. Cool very slowly in the furnace.
 Purpose: To improve the machinability of high carbon steels
prior to machining or cold working.

680°C
Temp
Heating Slow Cooling

8 -18 Hrs Hold

Time
NORMALISING

 Stages:
1. Heat to above Upper Critical Temperature, at point the structure
changes to Austenite.
2. Cool slowly in air.
3. Structure will now be fine equi-axed pearlite.
 Purpose:
 To restore the ductility of cold or hot worked materials.
 To Homogenize the structure.
 To Relieve the Thermal Stresses.
 To Improve the Machinability.
 To eliminate the carbides and increase the pearlite
percentage of defective castings.
TEMPERING

 Tempering Cycle:
1. Heating to a temperature below the lower critical temperature.
2. Soaking for a specified time.

3. Cooling in air .

 Purpose:

 To reduce the brittleness in hardened steel .

 To remove the internal strains caused by sudden cooling.

 To Achieve combination of strength, ductility and toughness.


CASE HARDENING

 Case Hardening is heating steel in the presence of a solid, liquid or


gas rich in carbon.

 Normally used to introduce carbon (Carburising) on a low carbon


steel.

 The primary purpose is to produce a surface which is resistant to


wear while maintaining the toughness and strength of the steel core.
CARBURISING

 This is done by exposing the Carbon rich atmosphere at temperature


of 850 – 950°C and diffusing the Carbon atoms into steel to a level of
0.8 to 0.95%
 After enriching the surface with carbon to the desired depth, the parts
are hardened at the austenising temperature to get a hard surface.
 Normally low carbon & low carbon alloy steels are carburise
hardened.
 Application:
Useful in parts such as a gears which should have a very hard
surface to resist wear, along with a tough interior to resist the
impact.
CARBONITRIDING

 Hardening the surface of steel with carbon and nitrogen.

 Steel is heated in a gaseous mixture of ammonia and hydrocarbon.

 Ammonia breaks and gives necessary source of Nitrogen.

 Purpose:

 Addition of nitrogen in to the surface increases the hardenability.

 Nitrogen lowers the austenite temperature by 50oC allowing


process to be done at lower temperature.

 Carbonitriding reduces brittleness.


CYANIDING

 Hardening the surface of steel with carbon and nitrogen obtained


from liquid cyanide solution.
 Steel is heated in molten cyanide at about 850°C followed by
quenching.
 Carbon and nitrogen are absorbed by steel.
NITRIDING

 Another process to diffuse nitrogen into steel.

 Nitrogen is introduced into steel by passing ammonia gas through a


muffle furnace containing the steel to be nitrided.
 Temperature used is below the lower critical temperature.
 Carbon and nitrogen are absorbed by steel.

 Purpose:

Greater resistance to wear and corrosion, greater surface hardness.


MECHANICAL WORKING

 To obtain desired properties of material under the action of externally


applied force
 Types of Mechanical working: Hot & Cold working, Rolling,
Forging, Extrusion, Tube and Wire Drawing, Deep Drawing,
Punching etc.
 Purpose:
 To increase strength, toughness, ductility and hardness of metal.
 To improve surface finish.
 Relatively good utilization of material.
 To obtain good dimensional accuracy .
RECRYSTALLIZATION

 The process of growth of new strain free crystals, which replace the
deformed crystals.
 Plastic deformation increases the point imperfections & increases
strain energy in crystalline materials.
 On annealing, the materials lose extra strain energy and revert to the
original condition
 This is achieved by the processes of recrystallisation.
 New crystals are formed that:
 have a small dislocation density
 are small in size
 consume cold-worked crystals
RECRYSTALLIZATION

Recrystallization of cold-worked crystals:

After 4 After 8
seconds seconds
CONCLUSION

 Effect of various methods on improvement in material properties are


analyzed.
 Alloying, Heat treatment, Recovery & Recrystalisation are the major
techniques to control the material properties.
 Annealing, Case hardening and tempering are the most important heat
treatment processes often used to control mechanical properties of
engineering materials.
 These treatments are recommended as final treatment after
manufacturing.
 A suitable type of heat treatment technique may be adopted as per the
required properties and the applications for any design.
Thank You

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