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Ultrasonic Testing

The document discusses ultrasonic testing principles including: 1) Sound is generated using piezoelectric probes that transmit high frequency sound waves into a test object to detect subsurface discontinuities by measuring reflected sound pulses. 2) Factors like density, velocity, and impedance affect how sound propagates through different materials. Reflection and transmission coefficients describe energy changes at interfaces. 3) Common ultrasonic testing methods include pulse-echo and through-transmission systems using A-scans, B-scans and C-scans to visualize defects. Techniques like angle beam and immersion testing are used to inspect complex geometries.

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Senthil Kumar
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135 views60 pages

Ultrasonic Testing

The document discusses ultrasonic testing principles including: 1) Sound is generated using piezoelectric probes that transmit high frequency sound waves into a test object to detect subsurface discontinuities by measuring reflected sound pulses. 2) Factors like density, velocity, and impedance affect how sound propagates through different materials. Reflection and transmission coefficients describe energy changes at interfaces. 3) Common ultrasonic testing methods include pulse-echo and through-transmission systems using A-scans, B-scans and C-scans to visualize defects. Techniques like angle beam and immersion testing are used to inspect complex geometries.

Uploaded by

Senthil Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ULTRASONIC TESTING

Principle of
Sound Generation

Rubber
ball
Velocity = Frequency x Wave length V n

Impedance = Density x Velocity Z  V


ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
EFFECT OF MEDIUM ON
SOUND PROPAGATION
I
AIR
Z1 = 1V1 R
INTERFACE

STEEL T
Z2 = 2V2

NORMAL INCIDENCE AT AN INTERFACE


Reflection Co-efficient ( energy )

( z1  z2 ) 2
R=  100%
( z1  z2 ) 2

Transmissionco-efficient ( energy )

4 Z1 Z 2
T=  100%
( z1  z 2 ) 2
ULTRASONIC PROBES
• Piezo - electric Classified by
principle • Frequency
• Quartz, Polarised • Size
Ceramics ( Barium • No of crystals
Tiatnate, Lead • Longitudinal or
Zirconate) , lithium transverse
sulfate used for the • Normal or angular
crystal beam
• Special probes
NORMAL PROBE
CONSTRUCTION
Near zone =
(Dia of Crystal) 2 D 2

4  Wave length Nz 
4

Wave length
Beam spread 1.22 
= Dia of crystal

Sin( / 2 ) = 1.22  / 2
BEAM DIVERGENCE
BEAM DIVERGENCE
BEAM DIVERGENCE
BEAM PROFILE SOUND ZONES
DEAD ZONE
NEAR ZONE ( FRESNEL ZONE )
FAR ZONE ( FRAUNHOFFER ZONE )

NZ FZ
BEAM DIVERGENCE
LAW OF REFLECTION
LAW OF REFLECTION
LAW OF REFRACTION
SNELL’S LAW

Sin i (1) V i (1)



Sin r (2) V r(2)
i = incident angle
r = refraction angle
Vi, Vr = corresponding velocity
FIRST CRITICAL ANGLE
SECOND CRITICAL ANGLE
REFLECTION FROM
INCLINED PLANE
MODE CONVERSION
CONSTRUCTION OF PROBE
ULTRASONIC TESTING
• A beam of high frequency wave is introduced into
the test object which gets reflected from the
surface of any discontinuity
• Used to detect and locate the surface and internal
discontinuities
• Amplitude of a reflected sound pulse is nearly
proportional to the area of the reflector
ULTRASONIC TESTING
• For Detecting internal flaws
• For almost all the materials –
metals, ceramic, rubber,
composites etc..
• Requires only one side access
• Portable equipment
• Non hazardous
• Can test up to about 10 m of
steel
PULSE ECHO SYSTEM

Transducer acts as a pulser and receiver


Can detect the location and depth of defect
Only one side access is required
THROUGH TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM

• Separate transmitter and receiver


• Accurate Alignment of transmitter and receiver
required
• Cannot locate the depth of defect
ULTRASONIC A - SCAN
EQUIPMENT
A SCAN PRESENTATION
B SCAN
C SCAN PRESENTATION
MINIATURE CALIBRATION
IIW V2 BLOCK
CALIBRATION BLOCKS

• For the calibrating the


Ultrasonic equipment

IIW V1 Block

IIW V2 Block
ANGLE BEAM
RANGE CALIBRATION

IIW V1 block
RESOLUTION
BACK WALL RESOLUTION
REFERENCE BLOCK –
FLAT BOTTOM HOLE
Transducer
DAC
ANGLE BEAM EXAMINATION-
WELD
SF S 1/2

W 1/2
T WF

PROBE POSITION FOR


HALF SKIP & FULL SKIP
Half Beam path w 1/2 = T/ cos
T - Thickness

Half skip distance S 1/2 = T TAN


T= Thickness

Full Beam path w F = 2T / cos


T - Thickness

Full skip distance SF = 2 T TAN


T= Thickness
L1= W SIN 

L2 = W SIN 

W1 d
T W2

DEPTH OF THE DEFECT d = W1 COS  OR 2 T - W2COS 


LOCATION OF THE DEFECT FROM PROBE INDEX

L1= W1 SIN  OR L2 = W2 SIN 


SCANNING PATTERNS
LENGTH OF THE DEFECT BY 6dB DROP METHOD

l1= actual length of the defect; l2 = apparent length of the defect

W1 d
T W2

l2 l1
EFFECT OF JOB GEOMETRY
EFFECT OF JOB GEOMETRY
IMMERSION TESTING

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