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2 - SQL - Single-Row Functions

The document summarizes various SQL functions including string, date, number and conversion functions. It discusses single-row functions that return one result per record and how to nest functions. The document also covers creating and managing database objects like tables, views and sequences. Advanced SQL topics like subqueries, DML and DDL are presented. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the functions and database objects.

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458 views

2 - SQL - Single-Row Functions

The document summarizes various SQL functions including string, date, number and conversion functions. It discusses single-row functions that return one result per record and how to nest functions. The document also covers creating and managing database objects like tables, views and sequences. Advanced SQL topics like subqueries, DML and DDL are presented. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the functions and database objects.

Uploaded by

Anonymous Z4Wga2afz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Selected Single-Row
Functions
and Advanced DML & DDL
Chapter Objectives
• Use the UPPER, LOWER, and INITCAP
functions to change the case of field
values and character strings
• Extract a substring using the SUBSTR
function
• Determine the length of a character string
using the LENGTH function
Chapter Objectives
• Use the LPAD and RPAD functions to pad a
string to a desired width
• Use the LTRIM and RTRIM functions to remove
specific characters strings
• Round and truncate numeric data using the
ROUND and TRUNC functions
• Calculate the number of months between two
dates using the MONTHS_BETWEEN function
Chapter Objectives
• Identify and correct problems associated with
calculations involving null values using the NVL
function
• Display dates and numbers in a specific format
with the TO_CHAR function
• Determine the current date setting using the
SYSDATE keyword
• Nest functions inside other functions
• Identify when to use the DUAL table
Terminology
• Function – predefined block of code that
accepts arguments
• Single-row Function – returns one row of
results for each record processed
• Multiple-row Function – returns one result
per group of data processed
Types of Functions
Case Conversion Functions
Alter the case of data stored in a column
or character string
LOWER Function
Used to convert characters to lower-case
letters
UPPER Function
Used to convert characters to upper-case
letters
INITCAP Function
Used to convert characters to mixed-case
Character Manipulation
Functions
Manipulates data by extracting substrings,
counting number of characters, replacing
strings, etc.
SUBSTR Function
Used to return a substring, or portion of a string
LENGTH Function
Used to determine the number of characters in a
string
LPAD and RPAD Functions
Used to pad, or fill in, a character string to a
fixed width
LTRIM and RTRIM Functions
Used to remove a specific string of characters
REPLACE Function
Substitutes a string with another specified string
CONCAT Function
Used to concatenate two character strings
Number Functions
Allows for manipulation of numeric data
ROUND Function
Used to round numeric columns to a stated
precision
TRUNC Function
Used to truncate a numeric value to a specific position
Date Functions
Used to perform date calculations or
format date values
MONTHS_BETWEEN Function
Determines the number of months
between two dates
ADD_MONTHS Function
Adds a specified number of months to a date
NEXT_DAY Function
Determines the next occurrence of a
specified day of the week after a given
date
TO_DATE Function
Converts various date formats to the
internal format (DD-MON-YYYY) used by
Oracle9i
Format Model Elements - Dates
NVL Function
Substitutes a value for a NULL value
NVL2 Function
Allows different actions based on whether a
value is NULL
TO_CHAR Function
Converts dates and numbers to a
formatted character string
Format Model Elements –
Time and Number
Other Functions
• NVL
• NVL2
• TO_CHAR
• DECODE
• SOUNDEX
DECODE Function
Determines action based upon values in a list
SOUNDEX Function
References phonetic representation of
words
Nesting Functions
• One function is used as an argument inside
another function
• Must include all arguments for each function
• Inner function is resolved first, then outer
function
Summary of functions
Single-Row Functions
• Text Functions
lpad, rpad, lower, upper, initcap, length, substr, instr, trim,
concat
• Arithmetic Functions
abs, round, ceil, floor, mod, sign, sqrt, trunc, vsize
• List Functions
greatest, least, decode
• Date Functions
add_months, last_day, months_between, new_time,
next_day, round, trunc
• Conversion Functions
to_char, to_number, to_date
DUAL Table
• Dummy table
• Consists of one column and one row
• Can be used for table reference in the FROM
clause

Ex: select sysdate from dual


Advanced Data Selection in Oracle
Using a Subquery
SELECT ename, job, sal
FROM emp
WHERE sal = (SELECT MIN(sal)
FROM emp);
Multiple-Row Subqueries
SELECT empno, ename, job, sal
FROM emp
WHERE sal < ANY (SELECT sa FROM emp
WHERE job
AND job <> 'SALESMAN';

multiple-row comparison operators – IN, ANY,ALL


Manipulating Oracle Data
Inserting Rows with Null Values and Special Values
INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, hiredate, jo
sal,comm, mgr, deptno)
VALUES (113,'Louis', SYSDATE, 'MANAGER', 69
NULL, NULL, 30);
Copying Rows from Another Table
INSERT INTO sales_reps(id, name, salary, co
SELECT empno, ename, sal, comm
FROM emp
WHERE job LIKE '%SALES%';
Creating and Managing
Database Objects (Tables)
Creating a Table by Using a Subquery

CREATE TABLE dept30


AS
SELECT empno, ename, sal*12 ANNSAL,
hiredate
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 30;
Creating and Managing
Database Objects (Tables)
Common Datatypes
Datatype Description

VARCHAR2(siz Variable-length character data, can up to


e) 4,000 bytes.
CHAR(size) Fixed-length character data, can up to
2,000 bytes.
NUMBER(p.s) Variable-length numeric data, can up to 38
digits. E.g. Number(5.2)  999.99
DATE Date and time values, 7 bytes.

Other data types included: LONG, CLOB, RAW,


LONG RAW, BLOB, BFILE, ROWID … etc.
Creating and Managing
Database Objects (Tables)
The Drop Table Statement
DROP TABLE table;

Dropping a Table

DROP TABLE dept30;


Other Database Objects (Views,
Views Sequences)
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view
[(alias[, alias]...)]
AS subquery
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint]]
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint]];
DROP VIEW view;

To restrict data access


To make complex queries easy
To provide data independence
To present different views of the same data
You can retrieve data from a view as from a table.
Other Database Objects (Views,
Sequences)
Creating a View
CREATE VIEW empv30
AS SELECT empno, ename, sal
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 30;
Modifying a View
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW empv30
(id_no, name, salary)
AS SELECT empno, ename, sal
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 30;
Drop a View
DROP VIEW empv30
Other Database Objects (Views,
Sequences)
Sequences
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence
[INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITH n]
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCLE | NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}];

Automatically generates unique numbers


Is typically used to create a primary key
Replaces application code
Other Database Objects (Views,
Sequences)
Creating a Sequence
CREATE SEQUENCE deptid_seq
INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 5
MAXVALUE 9999;

NEXTVAL and CURRVAL Pseudocolumns


NEXTVAL returns the next available sequence
value. It returns a unique value every time it is
referenced, even for different users
CURRVAL obtains the current sequence value.
NEXTVAL must be issued for that sequence before
CURRVAL contains a value
Other Database Objects (Views,
Sequences)
Using a Sequence
INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES (deptid_seq.NEXTVAL,'Support',
' HONG KONG' );

View the current value


SELECT deptid_seq.CURRVAL
FROM dual;

Removing a Sequence
DROP SEQUENCE deptid_seq;
Appendix B: Useful link

• Try these with SQL


http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~csc3170/tutorial/index.
html
• http://db00.cse.cuhk.edu.hk
• http://www.db.cs.ucdavis.edu/teaching/sqltutorial
• http://www.w3schools.com/sql

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