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Stokes' Theorem: Topic: Presented By: Jitantdra Tripathi Stream: M.Sc. (Mathmetics) Secound Sem

This document summarizes Stokes' Theorem, which relates a surface integral over an oriented surface S to a line integral around the boundary curve C of S. It presents Stokes' Theorem, gives examples of its applications, and provides a proof in the special case where S is a graph. The summary explains that Stokes' Theorem generalizes Green's Theorem to higher dimensions and relates the circulation of a vector field around a curve to the flux of its curl through the enclosed surface.

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komal
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34 views20 pages

Stokes' Theorem: Topic: Presented By: Jitantdra Tripathi Stream: M.Sc. (Mathmetics) Secound Sem

This document summarizes Stokes' Theorem, which relates a surface integral over an oriented surface S to a line integral around the boundary curve C of S. It presents Stokes' Theorem, gives examples of its applications, and provides a proof in the special case where S is a graph. The summary explains that Stokes' Theorem generalizes Green's Theorem to higher dimensions and relates the circulation of a vector field around a curve to the flux of its curl through the enclosed surface.

Uploaded by

komal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC:

Stokes’ Theorem
PRESENTED BY :
JITANTDRA TRIPATHI
STREAM:
M.Sc.(MATHMETICS)
SECOUND SEM
○In this section, we will learn about:

The Stokes’ Theorem and

using it to evaluate integrals.

NAME OR LOGO
STOKES’ VS. GREEN’S THEOREM

• Stokes’ Theorem can be regarded as


a higher-dimensional version of Green’s Theorem.
• Green’s Theorem relates a double integral over
a plane region D to a line integral around its plane
boundary curve.

• Stokes’ Theorem relates a surface integral over


a surface S to a line integral around the boundary
curve of S (a space curve).

NAME OR LOGO
INTRODUCTION

○ The figure shows an oriented surface with unit normal


vector n.

• The orientation of S
induces the positive
orientation of the
boundary curve C.

NAME OR LOGO
○ This means that:
• If you walk in the positive direction around C
with your head pointing in the direction of n,
the surface will always be on your left.

NAME OR LOGO
STOKES’ THEOREM

○Let:
• S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface
bounded by a simple, closed, piecewise-smooth boundary
curve C with positive orientation.

• F be a vector field whose components have


continuous partial derivatives on an open region
in that contains S.

○Then, C
F  dr   curl F  dS
S
NAME OR LOGO
STOKES’ THEOREM

• The theorem is named after the Irish mathematical


physicist Sir George Stokes (1819–1903).

• What we call Stokes’ Theorem was actually


discovered by the Scottish physicist Sir William Thomson
(1824–1907, known as Lord Kelvin).

• Stokes learned of it in a letter from Thomson in 1850.

NAME OR LOGO
STOKES’ THEOREM

 C
F  dr   F  T ds
C

and


S
curl F  dS   curl
S
F  n dS

○ Thus, Stokes’ Theorem says:

• The line integral around the boundary curve of S


of the tangential component of F is equal to the surface
integral of the normal component of the curl of F.

NAME OR LOGO
STOKES’ THEOREM

○ The positively oriented boundary curve of


the oriented surface S is often written as ∂S.

○ So, the theorem can be expressed as:


S
curl F  dS   F 
S
dr

NAME OR LOGO
○ Stokes’ Theorem is too difficult for us to
prove in its full generality.

○ Still, we can give a proof when:

• S is a graph.

• F, S, and C are well behaved.

NAME OR LOGO
STOKES’ TH.—SPECIAL CASE Proof

○ We assume that the equation of S


is:

z = g(x, y), (x, y) D
where:

• g has continuous second-order partial derivatives.

• D is a simple plane region whose boundary curve C1


corresponds to C.

NAME OR LOGO
○ If the orientation of S is upward, the positive orientation of
C corresponds to the positive orientation of C1.

NAME OR LOGO
○ We are also given that:

○ F=Pi+Qj+Rk

where the partial derivatives of


P, Q, and R are continuous.
○ S is a graph of a function.
○ Thus, we can apply Formula with F replaced by
curl F.

NAME OR LOGO
○ The result is:

 curlF  dS
S

  R Q  z  P R  z  Q P  
              dA
D  
y z  x  z x  y  x y  

○ where the partial derivatives of P, Q, and R


are evaluated at (x, y, g(x, y)).

NAME OR LOGO
○ Suppose
○ x = x( t) y = y ( t) a≤t≤b
○ is a parametric representation of C1.

• Then, a parametric representation of C


is:
x = x(t) y = y(t) z = g(x(t), y(t)) a≤t≤b

○ This allows us, with the aid of the Chain Rule, to evaluate
the line integral as follows:

NAME OR LOGO

C
F  dr
 dx
b dy dz 
   P  Q  R  dt
a
 dt dt dt 
b dx dy  z dx z dy  
  P  Q  R     dt
a
 dt dt  x dt y dt  
b  z  dx  z  dy 
   P  R    Q  R   dt
a
 x  dt  y  dt 
 z   z 
   P  R  dx   Q  R  dy
C1
 x   y 
  z    z  
    Q  R    P  R   dA
D 
x  y  y  x   NAME OR LOGO
• We have used Green’s Theorem in the last step.
○ Next, we use the Chain Rule again, remembering
that:

• P, Q, and R are functions of x, y, and z.

• z is itself a function of x and y.

NAME OR LOGO
○ Thus, we get:

C
F  dr
 Q Q z R z R z z 2z 
      R 
D 
x z x x y z x y xy 
 P P z R z R z z  z 
2
    R   dA
 y z y y x z y x yx  

NAME OR LOGO
○ Four terms in that double integral cancel.

○ The remaining six can be arranged to


coincide with the right side of Equation 2.

• Hence,


C
F  dr   curl F  dS
S

NAME OR LOGO

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