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Chap3 Determinants

The document discusses determinants of matrices. It begins by defining the determinant of a 2x2 matrix and provides examples of calculating determinants. It then introduces minors and cofactors of matrix elements. The document defines the determinant of an nxn matrix as the sum of the products of elements in each row and their cofactors. It discusses properties of determinants, including that the determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal elements. The document provides examples of calculating determinants using these definitions and properties.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
235 views41 pages

Chap3 Determinants

The document discusses determinants of matrices. It begins by defining the determinant of a 2x2 matrix and provides examples of calculating determinants. It then introduces minors and cofactors of matrix elements. The document defines the determinant of an nxn matrix as the sum of the products of elements in each row and their cofactors. It discusses properties of determinants, including that the determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal elements. The document provides examples of calculating determinants using these definitions and properties.

Uploaded by

Mas Gund
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Determinants
( 行列式 )

Linear Algebra by R.W. Hung, Dept. CSIE, CYUT, Taiwan 3-1


Topic Overview
3.1 Introduction to Determinants
3.2 Properties of Determinants
3.3 Numerical Evaluation of a Determinant
3.4 Determinants, Matrix Inverses, and Systems of
Linear Equations
3.1 Introduction to Determinants
Definition
。The determinant of a 22 matrix A is denoted |A| and is give
n by a11 a12
 a a a a 11 22 12 21
a21 a22
 +
。Observe that the determinant of a 22 matrix is given by the
different of the products of the two diagonals of the matrix.
。The notation det(A) is also used for the determinant of A.

• Example 1:
 2 4
A 
 3 1

2 4
det(A)  
3 1
Definition
Let A be a square matrix.
。The minor of the element aij is denoted Mij and is the determi
nant of the matrix that remains after deleting row i and colum
n j of A.
。The cofactor of aij is denoted Cij and is given by
Cij = (–1)i+j Mij
。Note that Cij = Mij or Mij .
• Example 2:
Determine the minors and cofactors of the elements a11 and
a32 of the following matrix A. 1 0 3
A  4  1 2
0  2 1
Solution
1 0 3
1 2
Minor of a11 : M 11  4  1 2   (1 1)  (2  (2))  3
2 1
0 2 1
Cofactor of a11 : C11  (1)11 M 11  (1) 2 (3)  3
1 0 3
1 3
Minor of a32 : M 32  4 1 2   (1 2)  (3  4)  10
4 2
0 2 1
Cofactor of a32 : C32  (1) 3 2 M 32  (1) 5 (10)  10
Definition
。The determinant of a square matrix is the sum of the
products of the elements of the first row and their cofactors.
If A is 3  3, A  a11C11  a12C12  a13C13
If A is 4  4, A  a11C11  a12C12  a13C13  a14C14

If A is n  n, A  a11C11  a12C12  a13C13  ...  a1nC1n

。These equations are called cofactor expansions of |A|.


• Example 3:
Evaluate the determinant of the following matrix A.
 1 2  1
A   3 0 1
4 2 1
Solution
Theorem 3.1
The determinant of a square matrix is the sum of the products
of the elements of any row or column and their cofactors.
。ith row expansion: A  ai1Ci1  ai 2Ci 2  ...  ain Cin
。jth column expansion: A  a1 j C1 j  a2 j C2 j  ...  anj Cnj

。(1)i+j:     ...
    ...
 
    ...
 
      
• Example 4:
Find the determinant of the following matrix using the
second row.  1 2  1
A   3 0 1
4 2 1
Solution
• Example 5:
Evaluate the determinant of the following 4  4 matrix.
2 1 0 4
0  1 0 2

7  2 3 5
 
0 1 0  3

Solution
• Example 6:
Solve the following equation for the variable x.
x x 1
7
1 x  2
Solution
Computing Determinants of 2  2 and 3  3 Matrices

。 22 matrix
a a12 
A   11  A  a11 a22  a12 a21
a21 a22 

。 33 matrix
 a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13  a11 a12
A  a21 a22 a23   a21 a22 a23  a21 a22
 a31 a32 a33   a31 a32 a33  a31 a32

 A  a11a22 a33  a12 a23a31  a13a21a32


(diagonal products from left to right)
 a13a22 a31  a11 a23a32  a12 a21a33
(diagonal products from right to left)
• Example:  1 2  1
A   3 0 1
4 2 1
3.2 Properties of Determinants
Theorem 3.2
Let A be an n  n matrix and c be a nonzero scalar.
(a) If A  B then |B| = c|A|.
cRk

 B then |B| = –|A|.


(b) If A R 
i R j

(c) If A R cR B then |B| = |A|.


i j

Proof of (a)
|A| = ak1Ck1 + ak2Ck2 + … + aknCkn
|B| = cak1Ck1 + cak2Ck2 + … + caknCkn
|B| = c|A|.
• Example 1: 3 4 2
Evaluate the determinant 1  6 3.
2 9 3

Solution
• Example 2:
 1 4 3
If A   0 2 5, |A| = 12 is known.
 2  4 10

Evaluate the determinants of the following matrices.


 1 12 3  1 4 3  1 4 3
(a ) B1   0 6 5 (b) B2   2  4 10 (c) B3  0 2 5
 2  12 10  0 2 5 0 4 16

Solution
Definition
。 A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| = 0.
。 A is nonsingular if |A|  0.

Theorem 3.3
Let A be a square matrix. A is singular if
。 all the elements of a row (column) are zero.
。 two rows (columns) are equal.
。 two rows (columns) are proportional. (i.e., Ri = cRj)
• Example 3:
Show that the following matrices are singular.
 2 0  7 2  1 3
(a ) A   3 0 1 (b) B   1 2 4
 4 0 9 2 4 8

Solution
(a) All the elements in column 2 of A are zero. Thus |A| = 0
(b) Row 2 and row 3 are proportional. Thus |B| = 0.
Theorem 3.4
Let A and B be n  n matrices and c be a nonzero scalar.
(a) |cA| = cn|A|.
(b) |AB| = |A||B|.
(c) |At| = |A|.
1 1
(d) A  . (assuming A–1 exists)
A

Proof
(a) A  cA  cA  c n A
cR1, cR 2, ..., cRn

1 1 1 1
(d) A  A  A A  I 1  A 
A
• Example 4:
If A is a 2  2 matrix with |A| = 4, use Theorem 3.4 to
compute the following determinants.
(a) |3A| (b) |A2| (c) |5AtA–1|, assuming A–1 exists
Solution
(a) |3A| = (32)|A| = 9  4 = 36.
(b) |A2| = |AA| =|A| |A|= 4  4 = 16.
(c) |5AtA–1| = (52)|AtA–1| = 25|At||A–1| = 25 (|A|) (1/|A|) = 25.

• Examples 5:
Prove that |A–1AtA| = |A|.
Proof
1 1 1 1 1
A A A  (A A )A  A A A  A
t t t
A A
t
A A  A.
A
• Example 6:
Prove that if A and B are square matrices of the same size,
with A being singular, then AB is also singular.
Is the converse true?
Solution
3.3 Numerical Evaluation of a Determinant
Definition
。A square matrix is called an upper triangular matrix if all
the elements below the main diagonal are zero.
。It is called a lower triangular matrix if all the elements
above the main diagonal are zero.

• Example:
1 4 0 7 8 0 0 0
 3 8 2    7 0 0  
 0 1 5 ,  0 2 3 5  2 1 0  , 1 4 0 0
  0 0 0 9   7 0 2 0
0 0 9    3 9 8  
0 0 0 1 4 5 8 1
upper triangular lower triangular
Theorem 3.5
The determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of
its diagonal elements.

Proof
a11 a12  a1n a22 a23  a2 n a33 a34  a3n
0 a22  a2 n 0 a33  a3n 0 a44  a4 n
 a11  a11a22  ...  a11a22  ann
           
0  0 ann 0  0 ann 0  0 ann
• Example 1:
2  1 9
Let A  0 3  4, find A .
0 0  5
Solution

A  2  3  (5)  30.
• Example 2:
Evaluation the determinant.  2 4 1
  2  5 4
 
 4 9 10
Solution(利用 elementary row operations 將矩陣三角化)
See Theorem 3.2 
RiRj: 
cRi+Rj : unchanged
• Example 3: ( 自行練習 )
1 0 2 1
Evaluation the determinant 2 1 1 0
1 0 0 3
1 0 2 1
Solution(利用 elementary row operations 將矩陣三角化)
1 0 2 1  1 0 2 1
2 1 1 0 R2  (2)R1 0  1  3  2
1 0 0 3 R3  (1)R1 0 0  2 2
1 0 2 1 R4  R1 0 0 4 2
1 0 2 1
 0 1  3  2
R4  2R3 0 0 2 2
0 0 0 6

 1 (1)  (2)  6  12
• Example 4:
1 2 4
Evaluation the determinant 1 2 5
2  2 11

Solution( elementary row operations 三角化)


• Example 5: 1 1 0 2
Evaluation the determinant  1 1 2 3
2 2 3 4
6 6 5 1
(利用 elementary row operations 將矩陣三角化 : 自行練習)
Solution

1 1 0 2  1 1 0 2
1 1 2 3 R2  R1 0 0 2 5
=0
2  2 3 4 R3  (2)R1 0 0 3 0
6  6 5 1 R4  (6)R1 0 0 5  11

diagonal element is zero and all elements


below this diagonal element are zero.
3.4 Determinants, Matrix Inverse, and Systems
of Linear Equations
Definition
Let A be an n  n matrix and Cij be the cofactor of aij.
。The matrix whose (i, j)th element is Cij is called the matrix of
cofactor of A .
。The transpose of this matrix is called the adjoint of A ( 伴隨
矩陣 ) and is denoted adj(A).

 C11 C12  C1n  t


 C11 C12  C1n 
C  C2 n  C 
 21 C22  21 C 22  C 2n 
       
   
Cn1 Cn 2  Cnn  C
 n1 C n2  C nn 
matrix of cofactor adjoint matrix
• Example 1:
Find the matrix of cofactors and the adjoint matrix of the foll
owing matrix A.  2 0 3
A   1 4  2
Solution  1  3 5
The cofactors of A are as follows:
Theorem 3.6
Let A be a square matrix with |A|  0.
Then, A is invertible with 1 1
A  adj( A).
A

If |A|0, then A1 exists and A1 = (1/|A|)adj(A)


Theorem 3.7
A square matrix A is invertible if and only if |A|  0.

Proof
() Assume that A is invertible.
 AA–1 = In.
 |AA–1| = |In|.
 |A||A–1| = 1
 |A|  0.
() Theorem 3.6 tells us that if |A|  0, then A is invertible.

A–1 exists if and only if |A|  0.


• Example 2:
Use a determinant to find out which of the following matrices
are invertible.
1  1 4 2  2 4  3  1 2  1
A   B   C   4 12  7  D   1 1 2
3 2 2 1
 1 0 1  2 8 0

Solution
。 |A| = 5  0. A is invertible.
。 |B| = 0. B is singular. The inverse does not exist.
。 |C| = 0. C is singular. The inverse does not exist.
。 |D| = 2  0. D is invertible.
• Example 3:
Use the formula for the inverse of a matrix to compute the
inverse of the matrix  2 0 3
A   1 4  2 .
 1  3 5
Solution
Determinants and Systems of Linear Equations

Theorem 3.8
Let AX = B be a system of n linear equations in n variables.
(1) If |A|  0, there is a unique solution.
(2) If |A| = 0, there may be many or no solutions.

Proof
(1) If |A|  0
A–1 exists (Theorem 3.7)
there is then a unique solution given by X = A–1B(Theorem 2.9).
(2) If |A| = 0
 since A  ...  C implies that if |A|  0 then |C|  0(Theorem 3.2).
 the reduced echelon form of A is not In.
 The solution to the system AX = B is not unique.
 many or no solutions.
• Example 4:
Determine whether or not the following system of equations
has an unique solution. 3x1  3x2  2 x3  2
4 x1  x2  3 x3  5
7 x1  4 x2  x3  9
Solution
。 3 3 2
4 1 3 0
7 4 1
。 Thus the system does not have an unique solution.
Theorem 3.9: Cramer’s Rule
Let AX = B be a system of n linear equations in n variables such
that |A|  0.
The system has a unique solution given by
A A A
x1  1 , x2  2 , ... , xn  n
A A A
, where Ai is the matrix obtained by replacing column i of A with B.
• Example 5:
Solving the following system of equations using Cramer’s
rule. x1  3x2  x3  2
2 x1  5 x2  x3  5
x1  2 x2  3 x3  6
Solution
• Example 5: Solution (Cont.)
• Example 6:
Determine values of  for which the following system of
equations has nontrivial solutions. (λ  2) x1  (λ  4) x2  0
Find the solutions for each value of . 2 x1  (λ  1) x2  0

Solution
• Example 6: Solution (Cont.)
Quiz #2
• Content:
。 Chapters 2-3: Exercises
。 Slides: Ch2-Ch3

• Date:

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