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Concept of Stress

The chapter introduces the concept of stress and how it is defined as the internal force per unit area in a body. It reviews statics and shows examples of using free body diagrams and the method of joints to determine member forces in structures. It also demonstrates how to calculate normal stresses in members and design member dimensions based on allowable stresses for different materials.

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Diego Abad
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48 views16 pages

Concept of Stress

The chapter introduces the concept of stress and how it is defined as the internal force per unit area in a body. It reviews statics and shows examples of using free body diagrams and the method of joints to determine member forces in structures. It also demonstrates how to calculate normal stresses in members and design member dimensions based on allowable stresses for different materials.

Uploaded by

Diego Abad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Concept of Stress
Contents
Concept of Stress Bearing Stress in Connections
Review of Statics Stress Analysis & Design Example
Structure Free-Body Diagram Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
Component Free-Body Diagram Pin Shearing Stresses
Method of Joints Pin Bearing Stresses
Stress Analysis Stress in Two Force Members
Design Stress on an Oblique Plane
Axial Loading: Normal Stress Maximum Stresses
Centric & Eccentric Loading Stress Under General Loadings
Shearing Stress State of Stress
Shearing Stress Examples Factor of Safety

1-2
Concept of Stress
• The main objective of the study of mechanics
of materials is to provide the future engineer
with the means of analyzing and designing
various machines and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given


structure involve the determination of stresses
and deformations. This chapter is devoted to
the concept of stress.

1-3
Review of Statics
• The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

1-4
Structure Free-Body Diagram
• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from


these equations

1-5
Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN

• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 

Reaction forces are directed along boom


and rod

1-6
Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to


to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static


equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN

1-7
Stress
It is defined as the force per unit area on a body that
tends to cause it to change shape.

It is a measure of the internal forces in a body between


particles.

 = P/A

Unit could be:


Pascal(Pa) = 1 N/m2 = 1kg/m.s2
PSI =pound per square inch
Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• At any section through member BC, the


internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m2

• From the material properties for steel, the


allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
1-9
Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 103 N
 all  A   500 10  6 m 2
A  all 100 106 Pa
d2
A
4

d
4A


4 500 10  6 m 2   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 

• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is


adequate
1 - 10
Stress Example1
The bar ABCD in the figure below consists of three cylindrical
steel segments with different lengths and cross-sectional areas.
Axial loads(is a force administered along the line of an axis) are
applied as shown. Calculate the normal stress in each segment.
Stress Example2
For the truss shown below, calculate the normal stresses in (1)
member AC; and (2) member BD. The cross-sectional area of
each member is 900 mm2.
Example 3
Example 4
Seatwork #1
Determine the smallest safe cross-sectional areas of members CD, GD, and GF for
the truss shown. The working stresses are 140 MPa in tension and 100 MPa in
compression. (The working stress in compression is smaller to reduce the danger
of buckling.)
Answers:

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