Chapter No.02

Database Systems
Lecture: 03
Database Environment
Three Level Architecture

1
Recap of Basic Definitions
Database: A collection of related data that is organized

for quick retrieval of information.
DBMS: A software package / system to facilitate the
creation and maintenance of a computerized
database.
Database System: The DBMS software together with
data and application included as well.
2
Recap of Basic Definitions
Schema: The description of database is called database
Schema, which is specified during database design.
Single User System: In single user system at most one
user can access the database at any given time
Multi User System: Many user can access the database
at the same time
View: Allows each user to have his or her own view of
the database.
3
Chapter 2 - Objectives
Purpose of three-level database architecture.

Contents of external, conceptual, and internal levels.
Purpose of external/conceptual and conceptual/internal
mappings.
Meaning of logical and physical data independence.
Distinction between DDL and DML.
A classification of data models.
Three Level Architecture 4

Chapter 2 - Objectives
Purpose/importance of conceptual modelling.
Typical functions and services a DBMS should
provide.
Three Level Architecture

5
Related concepts
Data Abstraction
 Suppression of details of data
organization and storage
 System hides certain implementation
details of how data is stored,
created and maintained
 Complexity should be hidden from
database user
 Levels of Abstraction
 Physical Level
 Conceptual Level
 View Level
6
Database Architecture
In 1971, DBTG proposed a proposal
for a standard architecture for
database systems
In 1975, ANSI/SPARC also developed
similar architecture
As result of these efforts, Three
Level Architecture came into
existence
7
Objectives of Three-Level Architecture
All users should be able to access same data.
A user’s view is immune to changes made in

other views.
Users should not need to know physical

database storage details.

Objectives of Three-Level Architecture
DBA should be able to change database storage
structures without affecting the users’ views.
Internal structure of database should be

unaffected by changes to physical aspects of
storage.
DBA should be able to change conceptual

structure of database without affecting all
users.

ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture

ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture
External Level
Users’ view of the database.
Conceptual Level
Community view of the database.
Internal Level
Physical representation of the database on the
computer.

Differences between Three Levels
of ANSI-SPARC Architecture

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12 Sep, 1970
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Data Independence
Logical Data Independence

Refers to immunity of external schemas to
changes in conceptual schema.
Physical Data Independence
Refers to immunity of conceptual schema to
changes in the internal schema.

Data Independence and the ANSI-
SPARC Three-Level Architecture

Database Languages
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Allows the DBA or user to describe and name
entities, attributes, and relationships required
for the application
plus any associated integrity and security
constraints.

Database Languages
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Provides basic data manipulation operations on
data held in the database.
Procedural DML
allows user to tell system exactly how to
manipulate data.
Non-Procedural DML
allows user to state what data is needed rather
than how it is to be retrieved.
Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs)

Data Model
Integrated collection of concepts for
describing data, relationships between data,
and constraints on the data in an
organization.
Data Model comprises:
a structural part; consisting of a set of rules
according to which databases can constructed
a manipulative part; defining the types of
operation that are allowed on data
possibly a set of integrity rules, which ensures
that data is accurate
Data Model
Purpose
To represent data in an understandable way.
Categories of data models include:

Object-based
Record-based
Physical.

Relational Data Model

Conceptual Modeling
Conceptual modeling is process of developing a

model of information use that is independent
of implementation details.
Conceptual models are also referred to as
“logical Model”

Functions of a DBMS
Data Storage, Retrieval, and Update.
A User-Accessible Catalog.
Transaction Support.
Concurrency Control Services.
Recovery Services.

Functions of a DBMS
Authorization Services.
Support for Data Communication.
Integrity Services.
Services to Promote Data Independence.
Utility Services.

System Catalog
Repository of information (metadata)
describing the data in the database.
One of the fundamental components of DBMS.
Typically stores:
names, types, and sizes of data items;
constraints on the data;
names of authorized users;
data items accessible by a user and the type of access;
usage statistics.

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Database Systems

Three Level Architecture

Database: A collection of related data that is organized

Purpose of three-level database architecture.

Three Level Architecture 4

Three Level Architecture

All users should be able to access same data.

A user’s view is immune to changes made in

Users should not need to know physical

Three Level Architecture 8

Internal structure of database should be

DBA should be able to change conceptual

Three Level Architecture 9

Three Level Architecture 10

Three Level Architecture 11

Three Level Architecture 12

Name DoB DepId

Hina Ali 12/09/70 D001

BH RH Hina Ali120970 5 D001 RH Maria Wasti…

Logical Data Independence

Three Level Architecture 14

Three Level Architecture 15

Three Level Architecture 16

Three Level Architecture 17

Categories of data models include:

Three Level Architecture 19

Three Level Architecture 20

Conceptual modeling is process of developing a

Three Level Architecture 21

Concurrency Control Services.

Three Level Architecture 22

Support for Data Communication.

Services to Promote Data Independence.

Three Level Architecture 23

Three Level Architecture 24

Three Level Architecture 25

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