Analog Modulation

AM(Amplitude Modulation)
Demodulation of AM Signals
Angle Modulation
Why modulate ?
 Ease of radiation
 The size of antenna  /4 = c/4f
 If we wish to throw a piece of paper(baseband signal), it cannot go too
far by itself. But by wrapping it around a stone(carrier), it can be throw
n over a longer distance
 Simultaneous transmission of several signals
 FDM(Frequency Division Modulation)
 Reduce the influence of interference
 Frequency Hopping
 Effecting the exchange of SNR with B
 Shannon’s equation :
 C is rate of information change per second (bit/s)
C  B log 2 (1  SNR)
Properties of analog modulation
 Time domain representation of the modulated signal
 Frequency domain representation of the modulated sign
al
 Bandwidth of the modulated signal
 Power component of the modulated signal
 SNR after demodulation

Message Modulated
 Modulator
Signal Signal
(or modulating
Signal)
AM (Amplitude modulation)
 Also known as “Linear modulation)
 Small bandwidth, Power inefficient
 Applications
 AM radio, TV video broadcasting(VSB), Point-to-point
communications(SSB), Transmission of many telephone channels
over microwave links
 Class of AM
 DSB-AM(Double Side Band – AM)
 BW = 2W = 2 * BW of the message signal
 SSB-AM(Single Side Band – AM)
 BW = W
 VSB-AM(Vestigial Side Band – AM)
 BW = W ~ 2W
DSB – AM
 Amplitude of modulated signal is proportional to
the message signal
m(t ) u (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t )

c(t )  Ac cos(2 f c t )
DSB-AM at frequency domain
 Take FT
Ac A
 U ( f )  F [ Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t )]  M ( f  fc )  c M ( f  fc )
2 2
 Transmission Bandwidth: BT
 BT = 2W

DSB-AM U(f)
M(f) 2W
A AAc2/2
f f
-W 0 W -fc fc
 Power of modulated signal
 If m(t) is lowpass signal with frequency contents
much less than 2fc
1 T /2 2 1 T /2 2 2
 Pu  lim  u (t )dt  lim  Ac m (t ) cos 2 (2 f c t )dt
T  T T / 2 T  T T / 2

1 T / 2 2 2 1  cos(4 f c t )
 lim  Ac m (t ) dt
T  T T / 2 2 0
2
Ac 1 T /2 2 1 T /2 2
 {lim  m (t )dt  lim  m (t ) cos(4 f c t )dt}
2 T  T T / 2 T  T  T / 2

Ac2
 Pm
M(f) 2 U(f)
Ac/2
Pm Ac Pm/2
2
f
-fc fc
SNR for DSB-AM
 Equal to baseband SNR
S P
 ( )0  R
N N 0W

U(f) R(f)
Ac2Pm/2 PR
Transmit
fc -Distortion
-Loss fc
N(f)
N0/2 WN0
White Gaussian Noise

2W
Homework
 Illustrative Problem
 3.1, 3.2
 What happens if the duration of message signal
t0 changes? What is the effect on the BW and S
NR ?
 Repeat illustrative problem 3.1 with t0 = 0.015, 0.15,
1.5 with fixed Pn=0.0833
Demodulation of AM signals
 Demodulation
 The process of extracting the message signal from modulated
signal
 Type of demodulation
 Coherent demodulation
 Local oscillator with same frequency and phase of the carrier at the re
ceiver
 DSB – AM , SSB – AM
 Noncoherent demodulaion
 Envelope detector which does not require same frequency and phase
of carrier
 Easy to implement with low cost : Conventional AM
 DSB – AM demodulation
 Coherent demodulation
u (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) Lowpass Ac
m(t )
Filter 2

cos(2 f c t )
y (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) cos(2 f ct )
Ac Ac
 m(t )  m(t ) cos(4 f c t )
2 2
 Local oscillator
 How do we generate cos(2 f c t ) ?
 Frequency and phase should be synchronized to incoming signal
 PLL or FLL
 DSB – AM demodulation
 Frequency domain
 Ac A A
Y( f )  M ( f )  c M ( f  2 fc )  c M ( f  2 fc )
2 4 4
M(f) DSB-AM U(f)
Modulation Ac/2
f
0 W -fc fc
Lowpass Filter
With BW=W Y(f)

f
Demodulation
-2fc 0 2fc
 Effect of phase error on DSB – AM
 In practice, it is hard to synchronize phase
u (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) Lowpass Ac
m(t ) cos( )
Filter 2

cos(2 f c t   )
y (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) cos(2 f ct   )
Ac A
 m(t ) cos( )  c m(t ) cos(4 f c t   )
2 2
 Power in lowpass
Ac2
 Pdem  Pm cos 2 ( )
4
    cos 2 ( )  1
 3 dB power loss when 4 2
 Nothing can be recovered when    2  cos 2 ( )  0
Homework
 Illustrative Problem 3.5
 Problem
 3.1, 3.2, 3.8, 3.11
More on Demodulation
 Coherent demodulation requires carrier replica g
enerated at LO(Local Oscillator)
 Frequency and phase should be synchronized to car
rier
 Generally, 2 types of carrier recovery loop
 Costas loop
 Squaring loop
 Noise performance of 2 types are equivalent
 Implementation is depends on cost and accuracy
Squaring loop
 Recover frequency using squaring
u (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) Lowpass Ac A0
m(t )
Filter 2

A0 cos(2 f c t )

Squaring Frequency
Device Divider
1 2 2
Ac m (t )[1  cos(4 f c t )] A0 cos(4 f c t )
2
Bandpass Limiter
Filter 1 2 2
Ac m (t ) cos(4 f c t ) (or PLL)
2
 Costas loop(or Costas PLL)
 Goal of Costas loop: e0
Ac A0
m(t ) cos( e )
Baseband 2
LPF

u (t )  A0 cos(2 f c t   e )
Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t )
VCO LPF
1 Ac A0
[ m(t )]2 sin(2 e )
2 2
-90 K sin(2 e )
, for small  e
Phase shift
A0 sin(2 f c t   e )
Baseband
Ac A0
LPF m(t ) sin( e )
2
What if ?
 What happens if –m(t) instead of m(t) is used
 Both Costas loop and Squaring loop have a 180 ph
ase ambiguity
 They don’t distinguish m(t) and –m(t)
 A known test signal can be sent after the loop is turned on
so that the sense of polarity can be determined
 Differential coding and decoding may be used
 More on PLL
 PLL(Phase Locked Loop)
 Tracks the phase (and frequency) of incoming signal

PD(Phase Detector) x(t )  sin( i   0 )  sin(4 f c t   i   0 )

u (t )  Ac cos(2 f c t   i ) Loop filter e0 (t )

H(f)
A0 sin(2 f c t   o ) v0  A0 cos(2 f c t   o )

-90
VCO
output Phase shift
VCO(Voltage Controlled Oscillator)
 An oscillator whose frequency can be controlled
by external voltage

eo (t )
VCO cos(2 f c t  ceo (t ))

Free running frequency

(frequency when eo(t)= 0)

Constant of VCO
PLL tracks Phase or Frequency ?
 All that is needed is to set the VCO free running
frequency as close as possible to the incoming
frequency

 If the VCO output is v (t )  A cos(2 f t   )
o 0 c o

 We can express it as
vo (t )  A0 cos(2 f c t   0 )

 A0 cos(2 f c t  2 ( f c  f c )t   0 )

 A0 cos(2 f c t   0 )

d
 Note that dt
 (t )  2 f
How the PLL works ?
 Output of PD
 x(t )  Ac A0 sin(2 f c t   o ) cos(2 f ct   i )
1
 Ac A0 [sin( i   o )  sin(4 f c t   i   o )]
2
 Output of LPF
 Loop Filter is lowpass narrow band filter
1 1

eo (t )  Ac A0 sin( i   o )  Ac A0 sin( e )
2 2
1
 Ac A0 e , for small  e
2
How the PLL works ?
 At steady state:    e i   o  eo (t )  0

 If input changes to: 

Ac cos(2 ( f c  k )t   i )  Ac cos(2 f c t  (kt   i ))  Ac cos(2 f c t   i )

 It causes increasing of phase error

 Or increasing of eo(t): 1
eo (t )  Ac A0 sin( e )
2

 It causes increasing of VCO output

 The PLL tracks the phase(or frequency) of incoming signal
More on PLL
 Hold-in(or Lock) range
 A PLL can track the incoming frequency over a finite range of
frequency shift
 If initially input and output frequency is not close enough, PLL
may not acquire lock
 If Doppler shift exists, Acquisition is needed
 Pull-in(or Capture) range
 The frequency range over which the input will cause the loop
to lock
 If input frequency changes too rapidly, PLL may lose lock
 PLL used in frequency synthesizer
 Generate a periodic signal of frequency
Oscillator Vin Ve
Frequency LPF
Frequency Standard
Divider, M
f=fx Vo

In steady state Frequency

VCO
Ve = 0, Vin = Vo Divider, N
N
fx f f out  fx
 out M
M N
By choosing M,N
We can generate desired frequency
Oscillator
 What happens if frequency standard is incorrect
?
 Errors of Crystal Oscillator
 More than 50ppm
 Drift : Sensitive to temperature
 TCXO
 Temperature Compensated Crystal(X-tal) Oscillator
 Less than 5ppm