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Subject - Object Oriented Programming With C++ Topic: C++ Stream Classes

C++ allows reading and writing files sequentially or randomly. Sequential files are read or written from beginning to end, while random access files allow reading or writing individual records at specific locations. The key classes for file input/output are ifstream, ofstream and fstream. Member functions like seekg(), seekp() and tellg() allow positioning the file pointer for random access.

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64 views

Subject - Object Oriented Programming With C++ Topic: C++ Stream Classes

C++ allows reading and writing files sequentially or randomly. Sequential files are read or written from beginning to end, while random access files allow reading or writing individual records at specific locations. The key classes for file input/output are ifstream, ofstream and fstream. Member functions like seekg(), seekp() and tellg() allow positioning the file pointer for random access.

Uploaded by

kashibai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SUBJECT – Object Oriented Programming with C++

Topic: C++ Stream Classes

Prepared by-
Vishesh
Vazirani
C++ Files and Streams
 C++ views each files as a sequence of bytes.
 Each file ends with an end-of-file marker.
 When a file is opened, an object is created
and a stream is associated with the object.
 To perform file processing in C++, the header
files <iostream.h> and <fstream.h> must be
included.
 <fstream.h> includes <ifstream.h> and
<ofstream.h>
2
Creating a sequential file
// Create a sequential file
#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
// ofstream constructor opens file
ofstream outClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::out );

if ( !outClientFile ) { // overloaded ! operator


cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl;
exit( 1 ); // prototype in stdlib.h
}
Sequential file
cout << "Enter the account, name, and balance.\n"
<< "Enter end-of-file to end input.\n? ";
int account;
char name[ 30 ];
float balance;

while ( cin >> account >> name >> balance ) {


outClientFile << account << ' ' << name
<< ' ' << balance << '\n';
cout << "? ";
}

return 0; // ofstream destructor closes file


}
How to open a file in C++ ?

Ofstream outClientFile(“clients.dat”, ios:out)


OR
Ofstream outClientFile;
outClientFile.open(“clients.dat”, ios:out)
File Open Modes
ios:: app - (append) write all output to the end of
file
ios:: ate - data can be written anywhere in the file
ios:: binary - read/write data in binary format
ios:: in - (input) open a file for input
ios::out - (output) open afile for output
ios: trunc -(truncate) discard the files’ contents if
it exists
File Open Modes cont.

ios:nocreate - if the file does NOT exists, the


open operation fails
ios:noreplace - if the file exists, the open
operation fails
How to close a file in C++?
The file is closed implicitly when a
destructor for the corresponding object is
called
OR
by using member function close:
outClientFile.close();
Reading and printing a
sequential file
// Reading and printing a sequential file
#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void outputLine( int, const char *, double );
int main()
{
// ifstream constructor opens the file
ifstream inClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::in );

if ( !inClientFile ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened\n";
exit( 1 );
}
int account;
char name[ 30 ];
double balance;

cout << setiosflags( ios::left ) << setw( 10 ) << "Account"


<< setw( 13 ) << "Name" << "Balance\n";

while ( inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance )


outputLine( account, name, balance );

return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file


}

void outputLine( int acct, const char *name, double bal )


{
cout << setiosflags( ios::left ) << setw( 10 ) << acct
<< setw( 13 ) << name << setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 )
<< resetiosflags( ios::left )
<< setiosflags( ios::fixed | ios::showpoint )
<< bal << '\n';
}
File position pointer
<istream> and <ostream> classes provide
member functions for repositioning the file
pointer (the byte number of the next byte in the
file to be read or to be written.)
These member functions are:
seekg (seek get) for istream class
seekp (seek put) for ostream class
Examples of moving a file
pointer
inClientFile.seekg(0) - repositions the file get pointer to the
beginning of the file
inClientFile.seekg(n, ios:beg) - repositions the file get
pointer to the n-th byte of the file
inClientFile.seekg(m, ios:end) -repositions the file get
pointer to the m-th byte from the end
of file
nClientFile.seekg(0, ios:end) - repositions the file get
pointer to the end of the file
The same operations can be performed with <ostream>
function member seekp.
Member functions tellg() and
tellp().
Member functions tellg and tellp are provided
to return the current locations of the get and put
pointers, respectively.
long location = inClientFile.tellg();
To move the pointer relative to the current
location use ios:cur
inClientFile.seekg(n, ios:cur) - moves the file
get pointer n bytes forward.
Updating a sequential file
Data that is formatted and written to a
sequential file cannot be modified
easily without the risk of destroying
other data in the file.
If we want to modify a record of data,
the new data may be longer than the
old one and it could overwrite parts of
the record following it.
Problems with sequential files
Sequential files are inappropriate for so-
called “instant access” applications in
which a particular record of information
must be located immediately.
These applications include banking
systems, point-of-sale systems, airline
reservation systems, (or any data-base
system.)
Random access files
Instant access is possible with random
access files.

Individual records of a random access file


can be accessed directly (and quickly)
without searching many other records.
Writing data randomly to a
random file
#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "clntdata.h"
int main()
{
ofstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::ate );

if ( !outCredit ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
exit( 1 );
}
cout << "Enter account number "
<< "(1 to 100, 0 to end input)\n? ";

clientData client;
cin >> client.accountNumber;

while ( client.accountNumber > 0 &&


client.accountNumber <= 100 ) {
cout << "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? ";
cin >> client.lastName >> client.firstName
>> client.balance;
outCredit.seekp( ( client.accountNumber - 1 ) *
sizeof( clientData ) );
outCredit.write(
reinterpret_cast<const char *>( &client ),
sizeof( clientData ) );

cout << "Enter account number\n? ";


cin >> client.accountNumber;
}

return 0;
}
Reading data from a random file
#include <iostream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "clntdata.h"
void outputLine( ostream&, const clientData & );
int main()
{
ifstream inCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in );
if ( !inCredit ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
exit( 1 );
}
cout << setiosflags( ios::left ) << setw( 10 ) << "Account"
<< setw( 16 ) << "Last Name" << setw( 11 )
<< "First Name" << resetiosflags( ios::left )
<< setw( 10 ) << "Balance" << endl;

clientData client;

inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast<char *>( &client ),


sizeof( clientData ) );
while ( inCredit && !inCredit.eof() ) {

if ( client.accountNumber != 0 )
outputLine( cout, client );

inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast<char *>( &client ),


sizeof( clientData ) );
}

return 0;
}
void outputLine( ostream &output, const clientData &c )
{
output << setiosflags( ios::left ) << setw( 10 )
<< c.accountNumber << setw( 16 ) << c.lastName
<< setw( 11 ) << c.firstName << setw( 10 )
<< setprecision( 2 ) << resetiosflags( ios::left )
<< setiosflags( ios::fixed | ios::showpoint )
<< c.balance << '\n';
}
The <istream> function read
inCredit.read (reinterpret_cast<char *>(&client),
sizeof(clientData));

The <istream> function inputs a specified


(by sizeof(clientData)) number of bytes
from the current position of the specified
stream into an object.

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