Unit - 6

CDMA Technology
 System overview
• Code division multiple access (CDMA)
• 1989
• Qualcomm IS-95
• Also called wideband spread spectrum
• 3G cellular
– Time Division Synchronous CDMA [TD-CDMA]
– Multicarrier CDMA [MC-CDMA]
– Wideband CDMA [W-CDMA]
 Evolution of 3G CDMA
• CDMA2000
– Approved for IMT-2000 3G standards
• (International Mobile Telecommunications)
– Backward compatible with TIA/EIA-95-B
• (Telecommunication industry association)
• (Electronic Industries Alliance)
– Data services up to 2 mbps
– Multimedia, advanced radio technologies
– 2 versions
• cdma2000 1xEV : 2.4 mbps
– EV: Evolution;
– provides higher speeds implemented in two phases
• cdma2000 1xEV-DV: 3 mbps
– EV-DV: Evolution data and voice only
– Integrates voice and data on the same carrier
 Evolution of 3G CDMA
• First form of CDMA was IS-95
– Dual mode of operation in 800 MHz
– Compatible with AMPS and CDMA
• Additional features in IS-95A describes
– Wideband 1.25 GHz
– Power controls, registration, handoff, voice service
procedures
– Compatibility
• Cdmaone - group of all CDMA technologies
 CDMAone Network components
Home Location Register
(HLR)/Authentication Center
Wireless (AC)
Priority Service
Center (WPSC)
*FC+DN

Visitor Location
Register (VLR)

Mobile MSC
Station (MS) Base Station (BS)
PSTN/
Inter-Working
ISDN
Function (IWF)
Mobile Switching Center
FC – Feature Code (MSC)
DN - Directory Number
Signaling
Wireless
Intelligent
Signaling and User Data
Network
 CDMA Basics
• Based on wideband spread spectrum
digital techniques
• Separation of signals in time and
frequency domain
– Transmission on same frequency at same
time
• Signals are spread over entire bandwidth
• Encoded and broadcasted
• Other than the intended receiver discard
the signal as if it is noise
• Receiver demodulates the signal if it is
above the threshold SNR
Multiple Access
 FDMA
• FDMA - frequency
division multiple access
– spectrum divided into
narrowband channels
– each user given a channel
for use
– transmission confined to
signal power within channel
– selective filters used used
at both ends to distinguish
other channels
– reuse distance must be far
away
 TDMA
• TDMA - Time division
multiple access
– spectrum divided into
timeslots
– each user given a timeslot
for use
– transmission confined to
the time slot
– BTS and MS require
synchronization
– Increases spectral
efficiency at expense of
each user's total data rate
 CDMA
• CDMA - Code division
multiple access
– Each mobile has
continuous use of entire
spectral allocation
– Spreads its transmitted
energy out over the entire
bandwidth of allocation
– Uses unique code for each
transmitted signal
– MS and BTS are able to
distinguish between signals
transmitted simultaneously
over the same frequency
allocation
– CDMA can be combined
with TDMA and FDMA to
increase capacity
Comparison of access technology
CDMA Example
 CDMA Basics
• For CDMA standard carrier and channel are
differentiated
• carrier
– carrier frequency may be divided by means of codes
into 64 different channels
• channel
– cannel carry information related to a separate and
distinct conversation or data connection in digital form
• In TDMA carrier is divided into timeslots and
each timeslot serves as channel
 CDMA Advantages/Disadvantages
• Advantages
– Increased cellular communications security.
– Simultaneous conversations.
– Smaller phones
– Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell
coordination needed by operators.
– Extended reach - beneficial to rural users situated
far from cells.
• Disadvantages
– CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as
mature as GSM
– CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large
GSM advantage
 3G Wireless Systems & Standards

3G Wireless Standards & Systems

CDMA- Code Division Multiple

Access

CDMA 2000 UMTS- Universal Mobile

UMTS
(Successor of IS-95) Telecommunications System
RTT- Radio Transmission
Technology

FDD W-CDMA TDD W-CDMA

1xRTT 3xRTT
FDD- Frequency Division Duplex
TDD- Time Division Duplex
EV- Evolution DO- Data Only DV- Data and
1x EVDO 1x EVDV Voice.
 CDMA Frequency bands
• Cellular bands
– Uplink - 824 MHz to 849 MHz
– Downlink - 869 MHz to 894 MHz
– 20 MHz separation
– Only some of the frequencies will be used
• 1900 MHz PCS Band
– 1200 Channels
– 60 KHz channel spacing
– 80 MHz separation
 CDMA Frequency bands
Transmitter CSMA PCS Center TDMA PCS TDMA PCS
Channel frequency for Channel Channel
Number N CDMA Channel Number N Frequency
MHZ (MHz)

Mobile 0 <= N <= 1850 + 1 <=N<= 1849.980

station 1199 0.05 N 1999 + 0.03 x N

Base 0 <= N <= 1930 + 1 <=N<= 1930.020

Station 1199 0.05 N 1999 + 0.03 x N

N = Frequency reuse factor

 Frequency Planning Issues
• If N = 1, one carrier per base station
• Carrier is chosen form list of preferred
CDMA channels
• Same channel used throughout the base
station
• If number of base stations increase
system capacity but decreases
performance
CDMA Network and system architecture
• Based on TIA Committee
– TR-45
• Develops system performance, compatibility,
interoperability, service standards for cellular
bands
– TR-46
• Co-ordinates the same activities in PCS band
– TR-45.3
• Deals with NA-TDMA
– TR-45.5
• Deals with CDMA
 CDMA Reference architecture
• IS-95 CDMA similar to GSM architecture
• CDMA2000 uses network access interfaces for an all-IP network
• Messaging between CDMA system elements is through SS7
protocols

MS

Um
PSTN
PSTN
RBS BSC IWF Ai
L
A

E PDN
Pi PDN
MSC MSC

O
C B OSS Mi
F PLMN
PLMN

HLR HLR HLR

H G

HLR HLR
 CDMA2000 MSC-BSC interface
functional planes
MSC BSC

Call
Call Radio Trans. Call
Call Radio Trans. .
Trans
Proc Radio Mobility Trans. Proc Radio Mobility Facility
Facility
Proc Rsrc Mobility Facility Proc Rsrc Mobility
Supp
Supp
Rsrc Mgmt Facility Supp
Supp
Rsrc Mgmt
Mgmt Mgmt
services
Mgmt
Mgmt Mgmt Mgmt Services Mgmt Mgmt
services Mgmt Services Mgmt

Transport
Transportprotocols
protocols Transport
Transportprotocols
protocols

Physical facilities
 CDMA2000 MSC-BSC interface
functional planes
• MSC to BSC interface
– Supports 4 functional planes
• Call processing & supplementary services
– Call origination, termination waiting etc.
• Radio resources management
– Maintenance of link during handoff
• Mobility management
– Registration/de-registrations, authentication, voice
privacy
• Transmission facility management
– Transport of voice, data, signaling information
 Major network components of
cdma2000
BSS
PSTN
PSTN MSC/VLR Subscriber
BSC RBS
Device

Packet
PD
PD Core
Nodes
Network
Network nodes in CDMA2000

BSS
PSTN
PSTN MSC/VLR Subscriber
BSC RBS
Device

GPS PCN

MPS IWF PDN

PDN

PPCS HLR/AC UM/VMS

 MSC/VLR
• MSC
– Serves as interface between PSTN and BSS
– Call establishment functions to and from users
– Provides mobility and roaming
– Registration, authentication, location updating, call
handoffs, routing
• VLR
– Temporary database
– Call control and routing
 IWF
• Gateway between cellular network and
PDN
• Supports circuit-switched data calls for
dial-up ISP
– Routed to PSTN users
• Uses Ethernet for signaling between itself
and MSC
• For CDMAone – IWF incorporated in PCN
(Packet core network)
Mobile positioning system (MPS)
• Based on GPS for emergency services
• Ability to locate the caller known as
– Enhanced 911 or E911 technology
– Location based services
– Location specific marketing tools
• Phase 1
– Able to tell a local public safety answering point (PSAP)
– Location of cellular antenna handling the emergency call
• Phase 2
– Forms a mobile assisted GPS to find latitude and longitude of
mobile within 50 to 100 mtrs
 Unified Messaging/Voice mail service

• Developed by Ericsson
• Integrates email and voice mail access
• Messaging waiting indication using sms
• Multiple message retrieval modes
including the use of DTMF or WAP
browser
• Connects PDN and MSC
 HLR/AC
• Co-located in CDMA2000
• HLR
– Subscriber information database
– For subscriber device activity
– Has ESN (electronic serial number), service plan,
overseas access details
– Identification of MSC where mobile was last registered
• AC
– Authentication for mobile subscribers whey first registered
– Uses shared secret data (SSD)
• Keys, ESN, random number provided by AC and broadcast to SD
– A-key stored in SD and AC
• Compares values calculated at AC and SD determines mobile
status with system
 PPCS and other nodes
• Pre paid calling service (PPCS)
• Information about subscriber’s allocation
minutes and balance for communication
• Updates billing details
• PPAS (Prepaid administration system)
provides balance information to PPCS
system
• Increased system functionality for roaming
 BSS
• BSC
– One per cell
– Provides interface to circuit switched core network (PSTN)
through MSC
– Provides interface to packet switched networks like PCN,
PDN and other networks through MSC
– More than one BSS in CDMA2000
– Combination of all CDMA BSSs and radio network
management system is called CDMA radio access network –
C-RAN
• RBS
– Interface between BSC and subscriber devices via the
common air interface
– RBS to GPS antenna  receiver
• Timing, frequency references
– Monitor and manage operations of RBS, alarm indications
– Power supplies and environmental control units
 PLMN subnetwork
• For CDMA2000 it provides mobile wireless
communication services
• Consists of several functional subnetworks
– CCN (circuit core network)
– PCN (Packet core network)
– SNN (Service node network)
– C-RAN (CDMA- Random access network)
– Access to PSTN and PDN through these
subnetworks
 Circuit Core Network (CCN)
• Provides switching functions for call
completion between MS and PSTN
• Major element in CCN is MSC
– Concerned with completion of voice calls
between subscriber and PSTN
– MSC is basically extension of PSTN
– MSC provides circuit switching, call charging,
roaming, maintenance etc
 CDMA Radio Access Network (C-Ran)
• Interface between wireless cellular
subscriber and CCN
• Consists of
– Multiple base station subsystems
(BSSs)
– Radio network manager (RNM)
• Supports operation and management
• Support for multiple BSSs
 PCN
• Standard interface for wireless Packet
switched data services
• Between C-Ran and PDN
• Links to various IP networks from C-Ran
• Has 3 main hardware nodes
– Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
(AAA) server
– Home agent (HA)
– Packet data serving node (PDSN)
 Cdma2000 PCN
PDN
PDN

Subscriber
devices
AAA
BSS #1
Server
Subscriber
IP
IP
Network devices
Network
PDSN BSS #2
Home Subscriber
Agent devices
(HA)
BSS #3
Subscriber
devices
 PDSN
• PDSN provides IP transport capability to connect
to C-Ran and then to PDN
• PDSN connects to C-Ran through the Aquater
interface (R-P interface)
• Setup, maintenance, termination, of nodes
• Point of connection to radio network and IP
network and provides IP service management
• Facilitates wireless mobile IP functionality
• Serves as foreign agent to register network
visitors
 AAA sever
• Data bases contain user profile on AAA
server
• Define QoS for PDSN
• Accounting information for billing
• Can be configured for billing
 Home agent (HA)
• Packet forwarding over IP network
• Packet from PDSN  SD via C-RAN
• HA + PDSN
– Authenticates mobile IP registration from MS
– Location information maintenance
– Packet tunneling
– Assign temporary address for a visitor
• Wireless LAN serving node (WSN) used
with PCN
 Network management system (NMS)
• Manage operations of entire network
• Has NOC (Network operations centre)
– Provide control points
• Eg. AT & T – NOC at Seattle
• Layers of management
– Highest level is network management system
– Sub-network management system
– Lowest level is network element management
system
 Network Management
• Entire network management and monitoring (Highest
level)
• Computer based, integrated graphical view, modular
software application for maintenance
• Provides operator with QOS and corrective measures for
errors
• 5 functions of wireless network management system
– Network surveillance / Fault maintenance
– Performance measurement
– Trouble management
– Configuration management
– Security management
 Functions of wireless network management system

• Fault maintenance (management)

– Detection, isolation, repairs devices degradation or downtime
– Uses tools for repair
• Performance management
– Gathering, reporting, analyzing performance statistics
• Trouble management
– Display description that affect network
– Communicate information between operator and maintenance
section
• Configuration management
– Support administration and configuration of network
– Support installation, interconnection of nodes
• Security management
– Manage user accounts
– Control and set user based access tools
 Sub-network management

– Management of circuit, – PCN network management system

packet, radio network • Manages PCN nodes of CDMA
system
– Concerned with CDMA
• Statistics administration
System
• CDMA MSC • Online documentation
• Backup, restore function
– Provides
• Network topology maps
• Fault management
• Database of PCN nodes
• Performance management
• Configuration management
– C-RAN management system
• • Manages CDMA Base station
Software management
system
• Hardware management
• Configure radio, network
– Provides access to operator parameters
to manage one or more • Monitors C-RAN alarm and
MSCs performance
• Install, upgrade software
• Manage user security and backup
 Element management
• Refers to ability to interface directly with
network element through a “Craft” dataport
• Uses element specific software, technician
control through remote connection
• Software driven element management for
initial deployment, installation, testing of
RBS for diagnostic and trouble shooting
during alarm
System communication links
Channelized Unchannelized
T1/E1/J1 T1/E1/J1
Base station system (BSS)
A
PST
PST Subscriber
NN MSC/VLR BSC RBSs device

A1 Abis Um
Channelized A2
T1/E1/J1
A5 A10
A11

Ethernet (10/100 mbps) Ethernet over

Fiber link SONET

PD
PD Service Packet core
NN
nodes Interface nodes
 System communication links
• CDMA Equipment vendors use OFC
– SONET signals delivered at 155.52mbps
• Channelized T1/E1/J1 with control information over A
interface between MSC-BSC
• Signaling protocol over T1/E1/J1 timeslots between MSC
and other elements like AUC, HLR
• Ethernet to carry data between service nodes and PDN
at 10/100 mbps
• Unchannalized T1/E1/J1 between BSC and RBS
• Ethernet at 10/100 mbps rates from PCN to PDN
• For 3G CDMA C-RAN connected higher data rates by
T-Carrier
 Subscriber device

• Wireless phone/data devices

• Performs CDMA encoding/decoding, vocoding
• Each subscriber has band or set of radio bands
for various operating modes
• 2 groups
– Portable devices for mobile voices connectivity first,
data next
– Laptop, PDA using WLL for high speed internet
access
• VOIP capability
– For video conferencing
CDMA BASICS
 CDMA Channel concept
• CDMAone, cdma2000 use CDMA to provide
additional user capacity over limited radio
spectrum
• Accomplished by spread spectrum encoding
technique
– All channels occupy same frequency spectrum
– To differentiate channels Walsh spreading codes are
used for channel encoding
• Coded channels used specifically for CDMA
– Provides precise timing control, overhead information
• Other channels used for traffic
 Walsh Code
• Each Walsh code has 64 binary bit combination of 0s
and 1s
• All zeros Walsh code is W064 has equal number of 0s and
1s
• All 64 combinations are orthogonal to each other
• Creates 64 distinct communication channels in same
frequency spectrum
• Walsh coded signals appear as broadband noise for
CDMA receiver except for the one receiver that is used
for demodulation
• Forward and reverse channels encoded differently
Basic spectrum spreading operation
Exclusive OR
CDMA Transmitter CDMA Receiver
Data in Data out

Spreading

sequence

1
Data 0

1 00 1 1 0 01 1 0 01 1 0 01 0
Orthogonal
sequence
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 01 0 01 1 0 01 0

Output
 Walsh encoding & decoding
• 2 types of pseudorandom noise (PN)
codes are used by IS-95 communication
system
– Short PN codes
• Time shifted both to identify CDMA base station
and time synchronization signals to subscriber
device
– Long PN codes
• Provide data scrambling on forward traffic channel
• Providing differentiation between forward and
reverse link channels
 Forward logical channels

• Between CDMA BS and SD

• IS-95 has 1.25 MHz bandwidth
• IS-95 occupies same bandwidth as 42
AMPS or NA-TDMA (North American
TDMA) Channels
• IS-95 can be overlaid on earlier generation
cellular systems
 Basic spreading procedure on forward channels
1. Digital signal to be spread is transmitted over a particular
forward channel
• Uses exclusive ORing of signal + Walsh code (Wi64)
2. Scrambling in I and Q lines using short PN spreading
codes
• Short PN codes are not orthogonal but have good cross correlation
and auto correlation
• Generated by 2 linear feed back shift registers (LFSR)
3. Resulting PN spreading codes are repeating binary
sequences of approximately equal number of 1s and 0s
and length of 32,768
4. I and Q signals are passed through baseband filters and
applied to RF quadrature modulator IC
• Converts output signal to UHF band frequency
5. The signal is linearly combined with other forward channel
signals, amplified and composite passband signal
• Transmitted over air interface
 Basic spreading procedure on forward channels
I channel Pilot PN
At 1.2288 mcps

Walsh code Wi64

Base band
filter

To QPSK RF Modulator
Channel-
Dependent
symbol

Base band
filter

Q channel Pilot PN
At 1.2288 mcps
CDMA base station timing offset reuse pattern

15

15
CDMA base station timing offset reuse pattern
• Short PN spreading codes helps to differentiate
base stations transmitting on same frequency
• All CDMA base station use same short PN code
sequence but offset by 64 bit increment
• 512 offsets possible
• Timing synchronization through GPS to achieve
system time that has required accuracy
• 4 types of logical channels in forward direction
– Pilot channel
– Synchronization channel
– Paging channel
– Traffic/power channel
 Pilot channel
• The pilot channel is always code channel zero.
• It is both a demodulation reference for the mobile
receivers, and for handoff level measurements
• It must be present in every station.
• It carries no information.
• It is pure short code, with no additional cover or
information content.
• All stations use the same short code, and thus have the
same pilot waveform.
• They are distinguished from one another only by the
phase of the pilot.
• The air interfaces stipulate that pilot phases always be
assigned to stations in multiples of 64, giving a total of
512 possible assignments
Generation of Pilot channel signal
I channel Pilot PN
At 1.2288 mcps

Walsh code W064

Base band
filter
I channel

To QPSK RF Modulator
Channel-
Dependent
symbol

Base band
filter
Q channel

Q channel Pilot PN
At 1.2288 mcps
 Synchronization channel
• The sync channel carries a repeating message that
identifies the station, and the absolute phase of the pilot
sequence.
• The data rate is always 1200 bps.
• The interleave period is equal to the period of the short
code.
– This simplifies finding frame boundaries, once the mobile has
located the pilot.
• The Sync Channel carries a single, repeating message
that conveys the timing and system configuration
information to the mobile station.
• The mobile station can derive accurate system time by
synchronizing to the short code.
• The short code synchronization and the pilot offset,
which is part of the sync message, fix system time.
 Paging channel
• The paging channel is the vehicle for communicating
with mobile stations when they are not assigned to a
traffic channel.
• Its primary purpose is to convey pages, that is,
notifications of incoming calls, to the mobile stations.
• It carries the responses to mobile station
• Successful accesses are normally followed by an
assignment to a dedicated traffic channel.
• The paging channel may run at either 4800 or 9600 bps.
• Each base station must have at least one paging
channel per sector, on at least one of the frequencies in
use.
• All paging can be done on one frequency, or it can be
distributed over multiple frequencies.
 Traffic/power channel
• Traffic channels are assigned dynamically, in response
to mobile station accesses, to specific mobile stations.
• The mobile station is informed, via a paging channel
message, which code channel it is to receive
• The traffic channel always carries data in 20 ms frames.
• Frames at the higher rates include CRC codes to help
assess the frame quality in the receiver.
• The 800 bps reverse link power control subchannel is
carried on the traffic channel
• Each base station participating in a soft handoff makes
its own power control decision, independent of the others
 CDMA Reverse logical channels
• Mobile-to-cell direction of communication
• Carries traffic and signaling
• Active only during calls to the associated mobile station
or the associated base station
• The channels used in the reverse link are
– Traffic Channel - carries data and speech. The data rate on the
Traffic channel is variable, hence each frame may have a
different rate.
– Access channel - carries control messages and requests to the
base station
• These channels share the same assigned CDMA
frequency
• Each of these channels is assigned a distinct user long
PN code sequence for spreading the spectrum of the
signal
 Access channels
• Used by mobile stations for communicating to the base
station.
• Used for short signaling message exchanges, such as
call originations, responses to pages, and registrations.
• It is a slotted random access channel
• Consists of a sequence of all-zero frames that is sent at
the 4800 bps rate followed by message
• Access Channel frame contains 96 bits (20 ms frame at
4800 bit/s).
• Each Access Channel frame consists of 88 information
bits and eight Encoder Tail Bits.
Access channels

To QPSK Modulator
 Access channel generation
• Separation of Users
– The reverse CDMA Channel uses a very long period spreading code, in distinct
phases.
• Orthogonal Modulation
– Reverse link data modulation is 64-ary orthogonal, and is applied prior to the
spreading.
– The 64-ary orthogonal sequences are the same Walsh functions that are used in the
Forward CDMA Channel
– Each period of the Walsh sequence (a Walsh Chip) is four PN chips in duration. The
modulation symbol rate is thus always 4,800 sps or cps (chips per second)
• Spreading
– Each Reverse CDMA Channel is spread by both the channel-unique Long Code and
the Short Code, which has I- and Q-components
– The spreading is quadrature, that is, from a single binary-valued symbol stream, two
binary sequences are generated by mod 2 addition of the short code PN sequences
– The effect of adding long and short codes is to produce a supersequence that has an
extraordinarily long period, about 257, or 3700 years at the 1.2288 MHz spreading rate
• RF Modulation
– The two coded, covered, and spread streams are vector-modulated on the RF carrier.
The Q-axis modulation is delayed by 1/2 chip.
– The spreading modulation is thus offset QPSK.
 Traffic/power control channel
• Support both voice and data in 2 rate sets RS1 &
RS2
• Reverse CDMA Channel are mobile-unique that is,
each station has a unique Long Code Mask, based
on its electronic serial number.
• Whenever the mobile is assigned to traffic, it uses
its specific long code mask.
• The traffic channel always carries data in 20 ms
frames.
• Frames at the higher rates of Rate Set RS1, and in
all frames of Rate Set 2, include CRC codes to help
assess the frame quality in the receiver.
 CDMA Frame format
• The CDMA Rate Families
– IS-95 defines the 9600 bps family of rates (Rate Set 1)
• 9600, 4800, 2400, and 1200 bps
• Can select one of the four rates every 20 ms frame
– 14400 bps family of rates (Rate Set 2)
• 14400, 7200, 3600, and 1800 bps
• Can select one of the four rates every 20 ms frame
– Extended rates (extended Rate Set 1)
• Adds 19200, 38400, and 76800 bps
• At most four rates can be active
• Can select one of the four active rates every 20 ms frame
CDMA Forward channel
 CDMA Frame format
• CDMA takes 20 ms segments of digital
samples of a voice signal
• Encodes them through the use of speech
coder into variable frames
• 20ms frames outputs at either Rate set 1
or Rate set 2
• Pauses in speech is encoded with lower
bit rates
CDMA Forward Frame format

Frame (20 ms)

Rate set 2 (14.4 kbps)

267 information bits, 12 CRC bits, 9 Tail bits
(288 bits)

Rate set 2 traffic channel structure

 Forward channel frame format
• Of 4 forward logical channels
– Pilot channel
• No frame format and is continuous RF signal
– Traffic channel
• Frame duration = 20ms with variable bit rates depending on rate sets
• Further divided into 16 groups of 1.25 ms power control
• Power control bits transmitted over forward traffic channels are randomly
inserted into 1.25 ms stream
– Sync channel has configuration and timing information
• 32 bit frame = 1 SOM bit + 31 data bits
• 1 bit start of message (SOM) (1 for 1st frame and 0 for others)
• Data rate 1200 bps and duration = 26.666 ms
• 3 sync channel frames = 1 sync channel super frame = 80 ms
– Paging channel
• Transmit over head information and MS Specific message
• Paging slot = 80 ms = 8 half frames of 10 ms
• Half frame has – SCI (Synchronized capsule indicator) bit = SOM
• Can use only 2 successive slots
 CDMA Paging channel structure
163.84 x R Bits, 163.84 s

Maximum F-PCH slot cycle

80 ms
0.08 x R Bits
F-PCH F-PCH F-PCH
Slot 0 Slot n Slot 2047

8 F-PCH half frames

10 ms 0.01 x R Bits

F-PCH F-PCH F-PCH F-PCH F-PCH

Half frame Half frame Half frame Half frame Half frame

PCH frame size

F-PCH F-PCH
SCI Half frame body
SCI Half frame body SCI
F-PCH
SCI
F-PCH
SCI
F-PCH
Half frame body Half frame body Half frame body

=0 =1 =0 =0 =1

F-PCH Msg capsule F-PCH Msg capsule F-PCH Msg capsule F-PCH Msg capsule

Abutted messages synchronized

First new capsule
Unsynchronized capsules capsules
In slot synchronized

Layer 2 encapsulated PDU Layer 2

encapsulated PDU
padding encapsulated PDU Padding
Reverse channel frame formats
• Divided into 20ms traffic channels frames
• Subdivided into 1.25ms power control groups
• Coded bits from convolutional encoder are
repeated
• For maximum data all 16 power channels used
– Else 8 channels and for lesser data 4 or 2 channels
can be used
• A masking pattern used for reducing interference
at mobile station
• Random access protocol is used for accessing
the same channel
CDMA Reverse channel variable data rate transmission
20 ms frame = 16 power control groups
1.25 ms = 5.1 power control group

13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4
All power control groups are transmitted during a 9600 bps frame

13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4
Only 8 power control groups are transmitted during a 4800 bps frame

Random masking pattern is derived from mobile station’s ESN

13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4
Only 4power control groups are transmitted during a 2400 bps frame

13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4
Only 2 power control groups are transmitted during a 1200 bps frame

B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13

Start of PCG 15
CDMA system (Layer 3) operations
Power-up Or
any other state

System
Determination
substrate
CDMA System selected

Pilot channel
acquisition
substrate
Acquisition pilot channel

Sync channel
Determination
substrate

Receives sync channel message

Timing change
substrate

Mobile station
Idle state

CDMA Mobile station initialization state

 CDMA system (Layer 3) operations
Initialization
task Begin analog
mode operation Power up

end analog
mode operation
Mobile station
MS idle handoff operation Initialization
With NGHBR_config equal state
To ‘011’ or unable to receive Mobile station
Paging channel message Has fully acquired
System timing

Mobile station
Idle state
Receives an ack to an
Receives a paging channel
access channel
Message requiring an
transmission other than an
Acknowledgement or response
Message or a page
Originates a call or performs registration
response message System Access
state

Directed to a traffic channel

Mobile station
Control on End use of traffic channel
Traffic channel
state

CDMA Mobile station call processing states

 CDMA System access state flow chart
GPM 5 received a
Update overhead General page msg
GPM
Information
substrate
User initiated a call Page response
Or PACA call
substrate
Re-originated

Received msg or
Order requiring an User
Ack or response Generated
GPM
Registration Data burst
access msg

GPM
MS Order GPM MS Origination
Message response
Attempt substrate
substrate User initiated
Registration access
substrate call

User
Canceled
a PACA Enter MS Control on
MS Message Call The traffic channel
State Or go to analog
transmission
substrate

PACA Cancel (Enter MS Idle state,

MS Control on traffic
Enter MS Idle state
substrate Channel state or
Go to analog
 CDMA Mobile station control on
traffic channel flow chart
Enter from system access state
MS originated call
And layer 3 receives
Receives a maintenance A forward dedicated
Order or an alert Channel acquired
Indication from layer 2
Traffic channel Warning for With information msg
Initialization order
substrate substrate
MS terminated call
And layer 3 receives a MS terminated call
Forward dedicated Bypass ordered by BS
Channel acquired And layer 3 receives
indication From layer 2 Waiting for ms Forward dedicated channel
answer Acquired information from
substrate Layer 2
Receives a
maintenance order
or alert with info
msg

conversation
Receives MS station substrate
Receives
Release Answers
Alert with
order Users call
Info msg
MS User initiates
Disconnect or MS
Receives Base station receives
Release Release order
order

release
System determination substrate
substrate
Of the mobile station
Initialization state
 Registration
• Process where CDMA MS informs cellular
system through BS about its
– Identification
– Location
– Status
– Slot cycle
– Other information
• 10 types of registration
– 5 are autonomous that are independent of
roaming status
 Types of registration
• Power up registration
– When CDMA MS power on
• Power off registration
– When CDMA MS power off
• Time based registration
– When various timers expire
– Forces to register at regular intervals
• Distance based registration
– When distance between MS & BS exceeds certain limit
– Forced registration
• Zone based registration
– When MS enters into new zone
– Has list of all zones MS bvisited
 Types of registration
• Parameter change registration
– When specific parameters change
– Independent of roaming status
• Ordered registration
– When requested by BS through issue of order message
• Implicit registration
– When MS sends an origination message BS locates MS
– Considers as implicit registration
• Traffic channel registration
– When BS has registration information for a MS during assigning
a traffic channel
• User zone registration
– When MS selects an active zone
 Call establishment
• Requires tasks like
– Mobile initialization state
– Idle state
– Access state
– Traffic state
 Mobile initialization state
• MS power ups and enters this state
• MS searches a pilot channel using short
PN Codes in 15 sec
• Synchronizes to pilot channel
• After locating searches for sync channel
and PN codes
• Decodes sync channel and aligns to timing
of BS
 Idle state
• After initialization moves to idle state
• Ready and waits for data/cal
• Monitors radio channel quality constantly
• Uses sleep mode to conserve battery
power (slot-mode)
• Monitor neighboring calls during handoff
 Access state
• Enters active state when MS receives ack,
originates a call, during registration
• Randomly attempts to access system
• Gets access through paging channel
• Uses backoff if it faces collision during
access
• Access level provides the request power
level
 Access State
Access probe
Access probe Access probe Access probe
sequence #2
sequence #1 sequence #3 sequence #N

Random backoff
Random backoff
Delay RS1
Delay RS2

Power
Access probe N
Details of Access
Probe sequence
Access probe 3

Access probe 2

Access probe 1

Random Random
delay delay
 Access attempt
• Access probe = access channel preamble
+ access channel message capsule
• 2 types of access message
– Response message
– Request message
• MS sends series of sequence of access
probes of increasing power level
 Traffic state
• Enters traffic state when information is
exchanged between MS and BS
• Transmit signaling/voice information on
RTC/FTC
• Signaling can be
– Blank and burst: 1.25 ms speech data +
signaling message burst
– Dim and burst: during low speech activity
 Mobile originated call
• MS Sends access msg on access channel
• Monitors paging channel for response
• On successful response FTC is assigned
according a walsh code
• BS receiver is assigned a RTC + long PN code
• BS sends paging channel msg to MS on RTS
• MS configures itself and begins to transmits
preamble over RTC
• BS uses FTC to acknowledge the preamble
• MS begins sending traffic information
Mobile originated call
Send service request message

Assign MS to FTC

Send Preamble (setup information

Setup call (dial digits)

Acknowledge receipt of preamble on FTC

Begin communication
BS originated call timeline
Send page message on paging channel (PgC)

Send acknowledge

Assign MS to FTC

Send Preamble

Acknowledge preamble

Start transmitting null information

Send alert (ring signal) message

MS rings and subscriber presses send

MS sends connection message

Connect call and start conversation
 Mobile terminated call
• BS Sends msg to MS on paging channel
• MS sends ack on access channel
• BS receives ack and sets up FTC
• BS assigns receiver to mobile RTC
• BS sends null traffic on FTC
• MS sends preamble on RTC
• BS acknowledges the preamble
• MS sends null traffic
• BS sends alert message for ring tone and
display of calling number information
 Call termination

• By BS or MS
• If by MS
– MS sends call termination message to BS,
stops transmitting on RTC
– Returns to initialization state
• If by BS
– BS sends call termination message
– MS stops transmitting on RTC
– Return to initialization state
 Call Handoff
• Handoff can occur in 3 states
– Idle state
– Access state
– Traffic state
• Procedure of handoff depends on present
state of mobile
• All cases are mobile assisted handoff
(MAHO)
 Idle/Access Handoff
• Idle handoff
– Mobile is in idle state and moves to another sector/cell
– If received signal strength of other pilot channel is twice the
current PC, MS listens to new PgC
– It is Hard handoff because signal is interrupted for a short time
• Access handoff
– Mobile is in access state
– Handoff occurs while sending probes or before sending probes
– In access entry handoff, mobile does a hard idle handoff from
one PgC to other
– If new PgC has better signal than previous it enters access state
 Soft Handoff
• Handoff takes place when mobile is in
conversation on FTC
• Possible only when both sector/cell has same
frequency and only in traffic state
• Far-near problem
• In CDMA system, mobile is connected to nearest
base station (strongest signal with lowest power)
• 3 types of soft handoffs
– Softer
– Soft
– Soft softer
 Soft Handoffs in CDMA
• Soft handover can be used when cells operated
on the same frequency are changed.
• Softer handover is where the radio links that are
added and removed belong to the different
sectors of same cell
• Soft-softer handoff is where the radio links that
are added and removed belong to the two
sectors of same cell and sector of adjacent cell
 Soft/softer Handoff Vs Handoffs in other systems

• Soft/softer handoff • Other systems

– No interruption of – Has interruption in
conversation communication links
– High speed data – High speed data
transmission is transmission is
associated with loss lossless
– Improved system – Low performance
performance – Requires high
– Reduced transmit transmission power
power
 Hard handoff
• Happens during intercarrier handoff
• Interruption of signal
• Two types
– Hand-down
• Between 2 different carriers in same cell
– Handover
• Between 2 different carriers in two different cells
 Hand-down handoff
• Known as Pocketed implementation
• CDMA provider uses second CDMA carrier in
individual or noncontiguous cells
• This provides additional capacity during high
traffic growth
• MS using 2nd carrier
• Exiting pocket of 2nd carrier cell must be handed
off to common carrier to continue the call
• First hand down call to common carrier before
exiting pocketed area
• Then soft handoff can be performed
 Hand-down handoff

MS

Single carrier cells Two carrier cells

 Power control
• Adjacent and co-channel interference do not cause
problem
• Interference is from other mobiles using same frequency
at same time
• Near-far effect
• Fading and shadowing problems
• To overcome these, power control is necessary
• Forward link uses frame error rate (FER) to make power
control decisions because RSS may be good, but frames
may have errors
– Forward link power control
– Reverse open loop
– Fast closed loop
 Forward link power control
• FTC is controlled according to information
transmitted to BS
• FTC transmits at nominal level and
reduces its output power level gradually as
required
• MS reports FTC FER regularly and does
adjustments to control power level
 Reverse open loop
• Path loss (signal attenuation) is same
between BS and MS in either direction
• MS makes open loop estimate without
feedback from BS about power level
required
• RSS is measured and transmits a low
level signal if pilot is strong and vice-versa
 Fast closed loop
• Forward and reverse channels fade differently
• Fast Closed loop scheme (for overcoming
fading) is employed on forward channel
• Power control bit is transmitted every 1.25ms
• BS receives signal and if value is above average
SNR bit is set to 1 else 0
• This is continued till correct value is achieved
• Called inner-loop power control