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    Industrial Materials: PREPARED BY: Engr. M. A. Mansoor

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    arslan
    (1) The document discusses key aspects of industrial materials including their structure, properties, processing, and performance. It focuses on classifying materials as metallic or nonmetallic and describing their common physical and mechanical properties. (2) Metallic materials like steel have properties of luster, conductivity, ductility, and some have magnetism. Common nonmetals have varying properties but are generally weaker, less dense and conductive than metals. (3) The mechanical properties of materials, which describe how they respond to forces, are important for design. These are often determined through standard tests, but results only apply to specific test conditions.

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    Industrial Materials: PREPARED BY: Engr. M. A. Mansoor

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    arslan
    23 views13 pages
    (1) The document discusses key aspects of industrial materials including their structure, properties, processing, and performance. It focuses on classifying materials as metallic or nonmetallic and describing their common physical and mechanical properties. (2) Metallic materials like steel have properties of luster, conductivity, ductility, and some have magnetism. Common nonmetals have varying properties but are generally weaker, less dense and conductive than metals. (3) The mechanical properties of materials, which describe how they respond to forces, are important for design. These are often determined through standard tests, but results only apply to specific test conditions.

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    presentation

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    Lecture No. 1

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    (1) The document discusses key aspects of industrial materials including their structure, properties, processing, and performance. It focuses on classifying materials as metallic or nonmetallic and describing their common physical and mechanical properties. (2) Metallic materials like steel have properties of luster, conductivity, ductility, and some have magnetism. Common nonmetals have varying properties but are generally weaker, less dense and conductive than metals. (3) The mechanical properties of materials, which describe how they respond to forces, are important for design. These are often determined through standard tests, but results only apply to specific test conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views13 pages

    Industrial Materials: PREPARED BY: Engr. M. A. Mansoor

    Uploaded by

    arslan
    (1) The document discusses key aspects of industrial materials including their structure, properties, processing, and performance. It focuses on classifying materials as metallic or nonmetallic and describing their common physical and mechanical properties. (2) Metallic materials like steel have properties of luster, conductivity, ductility, and some have magnetism. Common nonmetals have varying properties but are generally weaker, less dense and conductive than metals. (3) The mechanical properties of materials, which describe how they respond to forces, are important for design. These are often determined through standard tests, but results only apply to specific test conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Industrial Materials

    PREPARED BY: Engr. M. A. Mansoor


    Introduction
    Much of a manufacturing education relates to an understanding of
    (1) the structure of materials,
    (2) the properties of materials,
    (3) the processing of materials,
    (4) the performance of materials, and the interrelations
    between these four factors, as illustrated in Figure 2-1.
    Introduction
    When selecting a material for a product or application, it is important to ensure
    that its properties will be adequate for the anticipated operating conditions. The
    various requirements of each part or component must first be estimated or
    determined.
    These requirements typically include mechanical characteristics (strength,
    rigidity, resistance to fracture, the ability to withstand vibrations or impacts) and
    physical characteristics (weight, electrical properties, appearance) as well as
    features relating to the service environment (ability to operate under extremes
    of temperature or to resist corrosion). Candidate materials must possess the
    desired properties within their range of possibilities.
    Introduction
    To help evaluate the properties of engineering materials, a variety of standard
    tests have been developed, and data from these tests have been tabulated and
    made readily available. Proper use of this data often requires sound engineering
    judgment. It is important to consider which of the evaluated properties are
    significant, under what conditions the test values were determined, and what
    restrictions or limitations should be placed on their use. Only by being familiar
    with the various test procedures, their capabilities, and their limitations can one
    determine if the resulting data are applicable to a particular problem.
    Metallic and Non Metallic Materials
    While engineering materials are often grouped as metals, ceramics, polymers,
    and composites, a simpler distinction might be to separate them into metallic
    and nonmetallic.
    The common metallic materials include iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium,
    nickel, titanium, lead, tin, and zinc as well as the alloys of these metals, such as
    steel, brass, and bronze. They possess the metallic properties of luster, high
    thermal conductivity, and high electrical conductivity; they are relatively ductile;
    and some have good magnetic properties.
    Some common nonmetals are wood, brick, concrete, glass, rubber, and plastics.
    Their properties vary widely, but they generally tend to be weaker, less ductile,
    and less dense than the metals, and to have poor electrical and thermal
    conductivities.
    Physical and Mechanical Properties
    A common means of distinguishing one material from another is through their physical
    properties. These include such features as density (weight); melting point; optical
    properties (transparency, opaqueness, or color); the thermal properties of specific heat,
    coefficient of thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity; electrical conductivity; and
    magnetic properties.
    More often, however, material selection is dominated by the properties that describe
    how a material responds to applied loads or forces. These mechanical properties are
    usually determined by subjecting prepared specimens to standard test conditions.
    When using test results, however, it is important to remember that they apply only to
    the specific conditions that were employed. The actual service conditions of engineered
    products rarely duplicate the conditions of laboratory testing, so considerable caution
    `should be exercised when applying test results.
    Static Properties
    When the forces that are applied to a material are constant, or nearly so, they
    are said to be static. Since static loadings are observed in many applications, it is
    important to characterize the behavior of materials under these conditions.
    For design engineers, the strength of a material may be of primary concern,
    along with the amount of elastic stretching or deflection that may be
    experienced while under load.
    Manufacturing engineers, looking to shape products, may be more concerned
    with the ability to mechanically deform the material without fracture.
    Dynamic Properties
    In many engineering applications, products or components are subjected to
    various types of dynamic loading. These may include
    (1) sudden impacts or loads that vary rapidly in magnitude,
    (2) repeated cycles of loading and unloading,
    (3) frequent changes in the mode of loading, such as from tension to
    compression.
    To handle these conditions, we must be able to characterize the mechanical
    properties of engineering materials under dynamic loadings.
    Questions
    A knowledge of what four aspects is critical to the successful application of a
    material in an engineering design?
    What are some properties commonly associated with metallic materials?
    What are some of the more common nonmetallic engineering materials?
    What are some of the important physical properties of materials?
    Why should caution be exercised when applying the results from any of the
    standard mechanical property tests?
    What are static properties?
    What is the most common static test related to mechanical properties?
    Questions
    Why might Young’s modulus or stiffness be an important material property?
    What are some of the tensile test properties that are used to describe or define the elastic-to-
    plastic transition in a material?
    Why is it important to specify the “offset” when providing yield strength data?
    What are two tensile test properties that can be used to describe the ductility of a material?
    Is a brittle material a weak material? What does “brittleness” mean?
    What is the toughness of a material?
    What is the difference between true stress and engineering stress? True strain and engineering
    strain?
    What is strain hardening or work hardening? How might this phenomenon be measured or
    reported? How might it be used in manufacturing?
    Questions
    What are some of the different material characteristics or responses that have
    been associated with the term hardness?
    What are the similarities and differences between the Brinell and Rockwell
    hardness tests?
    Why are there different Rockwell hardness scales?
    When might a microhardness test be preferred over the more standard Brinell
    or Rockwell tests?
    Why might the various types of hardness tests fail to agree with one another?
    What is the relationship between penetration hardness and the ultimate
    tensile strength for steel?
    24. Describe several types of dynamic loading.
    25. Why should the results of standardized dynamic tests be applied with considerable caution?
    27. What aspects or features can significantly alter impact data?
    28. What is “notch-sensitivity” and how might it be important in the performance of a product?
    29. What is the endurance limit? What occurs when stresses are above it? Below it?
    30. Are the stresses applied during a fatigue test above or below the yield strength (as
    determined in a tensile test)?
    31. What features may significantly alter the fatigue lifetime or fatigue behavior of a material?
    32. What relationship can be used to estimate the endurance limit of a steel?
    33. What material, design, or manufacturing
    34. What are fatigue striations and why do they form?
    35. Why is it important for a designer or engineer to know a material’s
    properties at all possible temperatures of operation?
    36. Why should one use caution when using steel at low temperature?
    37. How might we evaluate the long-term effect of elevated temperature on an
    engineering material?

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