INTRODUCTION

COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
BVP College of Architecture, DEC 16
By Ar.Padma.S
History of Architecture III-UNIT 1
DEFINING COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

 An architectural style from a mother country that

has been incorporated into the buildings of
settlements or colonies in distant locations.
 Colonists frequently built settlements that reflected
the architecture of their countries of origin with the
design characteristics of their new lands, creating
hybrid designs
POST OFFICE CALCUTTA

Fort Anjediva, Anjediva Island

Viceroy’s lodge: built in the new city of British capital, Delhi
Mount Mary Church Mumbai
COLONIALISM IN INDIA

 Portuguese (1505–1961)
PRE 1857

 Dutch (1605 to 1825) Factories Fort Towns/colonies

 British (1612-1947) POST 1857

Architecture
Introverted Spectacle of
of the
Colonies Power
 French (1759–1954) Supreme
ARCHITECTURE OF THE COLONIZER
 Need for colonizer’s
architecture
 Started with Greeks

 Portuguese – Goa
 Dutch – Coromandel, Malabar

 British – Calcutta

 French – Pondicherry
Bombay Victoria Terminus – Colonial Architecture that looks like St Pancras railway station in London
Colonial Asia
Map of the British Acquisition of Indian
Territories
EUROPEAN TRADERS IN INDIA (1700 - 1900)
 The European came to India from the route of the sea.
 First to come were the Portuguese traders, then the
British, the French and the Dutch.
 The British were the most successful in extending
superiority in colonial contest and till 1803 became the
real supreme power of the whole of India.
 The Portuguese introduced the regeneration of glitzy
art and the French introduced their tastes in the
decorations of palaces and houses.
 The British brought with them the Britain style of
architecture and also influenced their modes in
paintings and
EUROPEAN PALETTE
 Classical

 Romanesque

 Gothic
classical
 Renaissance

 Baroque

Romanesque
Gothic Renaissance

Baroque
The most magnificent railway station
in the world." Victoria Terminus,
Bombay, was completed in 1888.
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
 India saw the development of the Indo-European
Architectural heritage, which was the amalgamation
of the styles of the European countries, like
Portugal (Portuguese), Holland (Dutch), France
(French) and finally culminating in the colonial
occupation by the British.
 The European constructed, forts, churches, town
hall, clock towers, market complexes, and gateway
etc.
1700 C E

 Europe-French were the first to translate colonial

power and wealth into large scale architectural
projects.
 Example Versailles (1668)

 Residences reflected the social status and

economic condition of the owners
 New building types such as hotels, coffee houses,
parks, theatres reflected the new culture
1700 C E

 Throughout Europe the Boroque style became

dominant for churches and palaces
 China and Japan were economically and politically
balanced against the colonizing west.
 In India the Mughal empire weakened and there
was a moment of liberation as local governers
proclaimed independence
INDIA
 Shuja-ud-Daula in norhtern India
 Nawab of Oudh in Bengal
 Sikhs in Punjab
 Rajputs in Rajasthan
 Marathas in Deccan were wrestling for power at the
same time the colonizers began to build on their
coastal footholds
 Energy in Europe, India, East Asia for building activity
increased while west and central Asia slowed down.
BRITISH INFLUENCE

 British interests were of several kinds.

 At first the main purpose was to achieve a
monopolistic trading position.
 Later it was felt that a regime of free trade would
make India a major market for British goods and a
source of raw materials,
 British capitalists who invested in India, or who sold
banking or shipping service there, continued effectively
to enjoy monopolistic
BRITISH INFLUENCE

 India also provided interesting and lucrative

employment for a sizeable portion of the British upper
middle class
 The remittances they sent home made an appreciable
contribution to Britain's balance of payments and
capacity to save.
 Finally, control of India was a key element in the world
power structure, in terms of geography, logistics and
military manpower.
COLONIALISM
 By end of 17th century, the European powers had
established a network of trade links
 Struggles between Spain, Holland and Portugal and
between Britain and France were almost constant.
 The Dutch in 1511 defeated Sultan Hasanuddin of
Goa in 1667 and Prince Trunjoyo of Madura in
1680 and started the plantation system.
 To control production and raise prices, the Dutch
burned down the clove gardens of locals
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
 Spanish in southern Italy built fortified agricultural
centres or farms known as masseria, specializing in
olive and grape production.
Portugese Elima Castle in Ghana-
rectangular, perimeter walls, church,
administrative centre and inner
courtyard
Coffee came to Europe from Africa
by way of Arab traders
Usually located on major
commercial arteries
Coffee house of Ipshir Pasha in
Aleppo -1653
It consists of a courtyard and a
covered hall, with windows
overlooking the street to the south.
Domes of varying shapes cover the
hall
COLONIAL FORTS
 To enforce the policy of extraction as well as to
protect ports and trade routes, the colonial powers
embarked on a worldwide fort building campaign.
East facade of the Louvre
originally a royal palace
Louvre Museum Paris, France
Chateau de Versailles, France
PORTUGUESE COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
15 TO 19 TH CENTURY
TH
 The Portuguese traveler Vasco da Gama reached
the port of Calicut on 17 May 1498 and he was
warmly received by Zamorin the ruler of Calicut.
 The first governor of the Portuguese in India was
Francis de Almeida.
 Later in 1509 Albuquerque was made the governor
of the Portuguese territories in India.
 In 1510, he captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur.
 Thereafter, Goa became the capital of
thePortuguese settlements in India
 The successors of Albuquerque established
Portuguese settlements at Daman, Salsette and
Bombay on the west coast and at San Thome near
Madras and Hugli in Bengal on the east coast.
 However, the Portuguese power declined in India by
the end of thesixteenth century.
 lost all their possessions in India except Goa,Diu
and Daman in the next century.
PORTUGESE-GOA
 Portugese entered in 1570 at Goa and their
activities were confined first to western India mainly
to trade in spices and to spread Christian religion
 Churches embellished with paintings and carvings
gilt in gold
 Followed Gothic style for religious architecture
though later turned to Renaissance
 Their Manueline style taking its name from king
Dom Manel I
 Facade in Manueline style, exterior in Tuscan order
and altar in Baroque with Corinthian order

St Francis of Assisi church Goa

DUTCH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
DUTCH INFLUENCE IN INDIA
 The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602.
 The merchants of this company came to India and
established their settlements at Masulipattinam, Pulicat,
Surat, Karaikal, Nagapattinam, Chinsura and Kasimbazar.
 In the 17th century they won over the Portuguese
 Pulicat was their main centre in India and later it was
replaced by Nagapattinam.
 In the middle of the 17th century the English began to
emerge as a big colonial power.
 The Anglo-Dutch rivalry lasted for about seven decades and
the Dutch lost their settlements to the British one by one.
PORTUGUESE
 The Architecture of the Imperial Portuguese marked by
Churches and Cathedral reflecting the post-
Renaissance European architecture.
 There are examples of old mansions, remains of
fortifications and defences, dating mainly from 18th
century A.D.
 The Portuguese architecture was very much influenced
by contemporary developments in Europe at that time.
 The Churches of Goa are also the fusion of
Renaissance Principles and aesthetics to suit local
colonial tastes, monetary resources and raw materials.
BRITISH IN INDIA
 The English East India Company was established in
1600 and the Charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth
of England.
 CaptainHawkins arrived at the royal court of Jahangir
in 1609 to seek permission to establish English trading
centre at Surat.
 But it was refused by the Mughal Emperor due to
Portuguese pressure.
 Later in 1612, Jahangir issued a farman (permission
letter) to the English and they established a trading
factory at Surat in 1613
BRITISH IN INDIA
 The English established their factories at Agra,
Ahmadabad,Baroda and Broach by 1619.
 The English East India Company acquired Bombay from
Charles II, the then king of England.
 In 1639, Francis Day founded the city of Madras
where the Fort St. George was built.
 In 1690, an English factory was established at a place
called Sutanuti by Job Charnock.
 Later it developed into the city of Calcutta where Fort
William was built.
BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE-EAST INDIA
COMPANY
 The traders of the British East India Company had a
very modest beginning
 The Portuguese had established themselves at Goa
and Mombay for a centry and Dutch, French,
Swedish and Danish merchants were active
 In 1639 the Company acquired government rights
in Madras and 30 years later Bombay through
Charles II as part of his dowry from the Portuguese
Cathering of Braganza
BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE-EAST INDIA
COMPANY
 Colonial architecture became diversified
 Delayed arrivals of architectural styles in England
 When British ruled England architectural styles of
classical Greek, Roman, Palladian, Baroque were
prevelant
 Buildings in Calcutta were designed by military
engineers
 They consulted available published materials on the
subject and produced the best
BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE-EAST INDIA
COMPANY
 Calcutta and Madras were transformed to elegant
imperial cities.
 Pachaiyappa College Madras after Athenian temple of
Theseus
 Mecalfe Hall based on the Tower of Winds in Athens.
 Amateures were replaced by architects
 The Government House was designed by an architect
in Palladian style influenced by the Kedleston Hall in
Derbyshire
BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE-EAST INDIA
COMPANY
 Indian Christians identified in the pointed Gothic arch
the sign of jointed hands in prayer
 High court building was erected with details obtained
from Scott’s drawings of Hamburg Rathaus
 Vicotria Memorial Hall is Britain’s answer to Taj Mahar-
Saracenic detail on European body
 Gilber Scott favoured Italian Gothic for Bombay
University buildings
 William Emerson preferred French Gothic for Allahabad
University and Cathedral of All Saints
BRITISH COLONIAL MADRAS

 Architect Robert Fellowes Chisholm gave Madras-

the Marina with hyrid architecture
 Bombay unlike Calcutta and Madras had services
from professionals in mid 19th century
developments
 They had interest in Gothic Revival and came into
contact with works of Sir Gilber Scott, Sir William
Emerson (Crawford Market )
BRITISH COLONIAL ALLAHABAD

 Allahabad was the seat of Mughals with massive

Fort in medival times
 During British rule it attained importance as a
cantonment and capital province
 Alfred Park in 1858

 Four prominet Gothic buildings erected in French

style
BRITISH COLONIAL ALLAHABAD

 The memorial for Cathbert Bansey Thornhill and

Francis Otway Maye erected colse to Alfred Park
was designed by Roskell Bayene in French Gothic
style
 Arcaded cloisters, foliated capitals, sculptures of
groups of people engaged in different vocations
 Memorial to Lord Mayo by Bayne
BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
16 TO 19 TH CENTURY
TH
BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

 The contributions made by the British led to the

creation of a composite architectural style imbibing
European, Indian and Mughal elements and was also
called the colonial architecture.
 the new princely cities like Jaipur, Bikaner and Mysore,
they are also influenced by Indo-European architecture.
 In 1833 Calcutta became the capital of British India,
remaining so until 1912, when New Delhi was made
the capital because of its more central location
BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
 South Asia
 British colonial architecture in India
 British colonial architecture in Pakistan

 Colonial architecture in Sri Lanka

Prince Street,Pettah,Sri
Lanka

Faisalabad Clock Tower, The Government College University,

Pakistan Lahore
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
 The supremacy of the British over the French led to
the establishment of many cantonment cities and
barrack architecture by the British to enable them
to keep a control over princely states.
 Unlike its predecessors, the British architecture
was need oriented.
 It was no longer ornamental and its place was
taken by simplicity but in shear size and height it
inspired awe.
Saragarhi Memorial Ferozepur Firozpur Cantonment is located in
Punjab

The Barki Memorial Ferozepur

The National War Memorial Southern Command in Pune Cantonment
The Victoria Memorial ,Calcutta
It is the most effective symbolism of British Empire, built as a monument in
tribute to Queen Victoria’s reign.

The plan of the building consists of one large

central part covered with a larger
dome.

Colonnades separate the two chambers.

Each corner holds a smaller dome and is floored
with marble plinth.
The memorial stands on 26 hectares of
garden surrounded by reflective pools
FRANCE COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
17 TO 19 TH CENTURY
TH
FRENCH IN INDIA

 The French East India Company was formed in

1664 by Colbert, a Minister under Louis XIV.
 The first French factory in India was established at
Surat by Francis Caron.
 Later, Maracara set up a factory at Masulipattinam.

 Francois Martin founded Pondicherry in 1673.

 Other French factories in India were

Chandranagore, Mahe and Karaikal.
ANGLO-FRENCH RIVALRY

 In the beginning of the eighteenth century, the

English and the French were competing with each
other to establish their supremacy in India.
 Both of them used the political turmoil prevalent in
India as a result of the decline of the Mughal
Empire in their favour and indulged in internal
politics.
 The Anglo-French rivalry in India was manifest in
the Carnatic region and in Bengal.
FRENCH COLONY
 France has been reshaped by the French Revolution in
the late 1700s and this has had some effects on the
colonies.
 Religion played a relatively insignificant role both in
France and in its colonies.
 France is being ruled from Paris.
 Nearly all decisions were made in the capital,even
colonies on the fringes of the empire could not make
any large decisions without written consent from Paris
(Quinn, 2000)
AFTER THE COLONY

 After the colonizer has left the region and

independence has been declared, the question
arises what has to be done with all that the
colonizer has left behind
 either the heritage is left to rot, it is destroyed on
purpose or it is protected
 A typical French colony can be summarized as following:
 it has been found to provide France with goods and cheap
labour
 the only French people living in it are upper or middle class
and they were technologically more advanced than the local
population.
 The policies of the colony were determined in Paris, aimed
towards increasing profits and often aimed against the
English empire.
 After the French Revolution, the church plays a relatively
small role in the colony.
 the French and the local population live in different
parts of town and there is little to no interaction
between them.
 The French part of the city has been built in the
popular building style of the time and was tailor-
made to accommodate to the wishes of the French
population.
INDUSTRIAL REVELUTION
19 TH CENTURY
FIRST INDUSTRIAL AGE

 18TH CENTURY- Growth of rationalism, materialism,

explosion of scientific enquiry
 Technological progress, open-minded desire for new
results
 Marc-Antoine Laugier, Neo-classicism great theorist
disliked the Baroque space, preferring clean
surfaces, comprehensible forms and real columns
instead of fake pilasters.
Stern-New Lanark near Glasgow Scotland-1825

Bentham’s structure 1791

Counting house New Lanark

CLAUDE-NICOLAS LEDOUX-IDEAL CITY OF CHAUX
 Crisp and geometrical.

 At its centre is Directors house and over it a

sanctuary dedicated to supreme being
 Projected outer circle of public buildings, houses,
market, hospital
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

 Created roads, canals, bridges and tunnels and

located the new buildings which industry
demanded-mills and warehouses, factories, railway
halts, docks, termini, hotels, banks.
 Second half of 18th century McAdam’s and
Metcalf’s properly compacted roads with water-
resistant top layer of consolidated limestone dust
became a standard.
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

 Strong six storey with grand stone face round a cast

iron column grid and held on timber beams.
 Disasters like fire increased, insurance premiums
shot up forcing fireproof constructions.
 After 1800, iron frames spread rapidly, facades
usually remained massive.
 Cast iron frames became increasingly light and
delicate, glass panels filled the spaces.
INDUSTRIAL REVELUTION

 London Building Act in 1843 regulated internal

spaces
Coal Exchange London 1844
Stanley dock Liverpool England
York Central
station,
designed by
Prosser, Burley
and Peachey
Double canopy
Umbrella over
tracks and
platforms was
architecturally
invisible
Stove towards
economy and
minimal light
design
Augustus Welby
Pugin-The smallest
details should have a
purpose,
construction should
vary with the
materials employed,
appearance should
be in accordance
with purpose for
which it is designed.
URBAN UMBRELLA
 The great congregating space covered in glass and
iron, which is neither outside nor really inside, was
the most important built contribution to urban
culture in 19th century
 Exhibitions, arcades, markets and halls,

Crystal Palace by Paxton and Fox

CRYSTAL PALACE-BUILDING IN IRON AND GLASS
There were three
standard truss
sizes in cast iron,
358 smaller ones
in wrought iron and
a timber one. There
was 900000 sqft
of glazing. Entire
stucture raised by
block, tackle, man
and horse power.
Trolleys for glazing.
Main structural
members
prefabricated,
gutters made at
site
Interior of exhibition space
Glazing trolley,
open web beams
fixed to head of
hollow column ,
central aisle
girders raised by
large gang and two
teams of three
horses
URBAN HELL

 By mid-century London had more inhabitants than

many European contries.
 Black clouds of smoke, soot everywhere

 In Leeds, black dyes turned the river into poisonous

sewer.
ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT
 After 1830, iron piping, improved toilets, gas for
both light and cooking collective sewage systems
became available to middle class.
 Cholera hit England in 1831 and Glasgow was the
unhealthiest and dirtiest city known in England

In France and England

municipalities restricted
the absolute freedom to
buid and thus modern
planning was born
CHANGES DURING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Edwin Chadwick, secretary to the Poor Law
Commission
 Linked social problems and physical environmental
conditions
 Invented Medical Officer of Health, skilled in
medical, engineering or building and administrative
techniques.
 1851- towns over 10,000 could build economic
housing for the poor
GRAND HOTEL, SCARBOROUGH, ENGLAND
MARSHALL FIELD WHOLESALE STORE, CHICAGO BY RICHARDSON

Iron skeleton and

grand arcaded
masonry with walls
of loadbearing
masonry
RELIANCE BUILDING, CHICAGO BY BURNHAM AND ROOT 1890

Advanced skyscrapper of
its time. Light coloured
terracotta cladding to a
minimum. Cap on top is a
thin slab. There is no
cornice or entablature.
GUARANTY BUILDING, BUFFALO, NEW YORK BY SULLIVAN 1894

Controlled composition,
terracota sheating with feathery
ornament. Ground floor clarity
where columns were almost
free-standing , isolated from the
wall plane.
THE NEW ART
All Saints, Brockhampton,
England, by Lethaby 1902
Walls are in local masonry.
Exposed concrete vault.
 The relation between Europe and the rest of the
world can be described as one between core and
periphery, with Western Europe as the core and the
rest as the periphery.
 The elite of the core ruled over both the core and
the periphery, often by collaborating with the elites
in the periphery.
 Europe had created colonies all over the world and
ruled over them(Flint & Taylor, 2007, 81, 86).
 the capitalist powers sought out the products of the
periphery and looked for a low-cost workforce.
 The colonies were created in the periphery to
produce goods
 British people were shipped to India to manage a
steady supply of resources to the homeland
 By building a special town for the English they
ensured that they felt safe and 'among friends' and
that they only had to take care of that part of town
 They demanded broader roads, bigger houses and
modern facilities to live the life they were used to
back in the homeland
 there were no large working class neighbourhoods
that were so typical of the industrial cities in Great
Britain
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IMPACT
The New Urban Environment
 By the end of the nineteenth century, mass society had
emerged. This change coincided with the growth of cities.

 Between 1800 and 1900 the Urban residents grew from

being 40 to 80 percent of Great Britain’s population.

 Cities grew because of rural migration to the urban centers

in the second half of the nineteenth century.

 City governments created boards of health to improve the

quality of housing. Medical officers and other officials
inspected the buildings for public health hazards.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- DEVELOPMENTS

 Essential to the public health of the modern European city

were clean water and proper sewage systems.

 A system of dams, reservoirs, aqueducts, and tunnels

provided the water. Beginning in the 1860s, heaters made
regular hot baths available to many people.

 Sewage treatment was improved by massive building of

underground pipes that took the waste out of the city.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF MASS SOCIETY
 Even though most people after 1871 enjoyed a rising
standard of living, great poverty remained in the West.
Several middle-class groups existed between the few who
were rich and the many who were poor.
 A wealthy elite made up 5 percent of European society. It
controlled up to 40 percent of the wealth.
 The aristocratic and upper middle class members of the
elite were government and military leaders.
 The middle class included lawyers, doctors, members of
the civil service, engineers, scientists, and others.
 Beneath this solid middle class was a lower middle class
of shopkeepers, secretaries, and clerks.
SOCIAL HABITS OF THE SOCIETY
 The Second Industrial Revolution allowed people to pursue
more leisure activities. These entertained people and
distracted them from the realities of their work lives.

 The industrial system gave people time like evenings and

weekends to pursue fun after work.

 Amusement parks gave people new experiences and

showed them new technology. Team sports developed, and
public transportation allowed the working class to attend
games and other leisure venues.
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-PROGRESS
 Westerners in the 1800s worshiped progress due to the amazing
material growth from the Second Industrial Revolution.
 Steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil were the new industrial
frontiers.
 Between 1870 and 1914 steel replaced iron. New methods for
shaping steel made it possible to build lighter, smaller, and faster
machines, engines, railroads, and more.
 The new energy form of electricity was quite valuable because it
was convertible into heat, light, or motion.
 Electricity gave birth to many inventions, such as the light bulb
invented by Thomas Edison in the United States and Joseph Swan
in Great Britain.
 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone (1876) and
Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic
(1901).
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 By the 1880s streetcars and subways powered by
electricity appeared in European cities.
 The development of the internal-combustion engine
provided new kinds of transportation—ocean liners,
airplanes, and the automobile.
 Increased sales of manufactured goods caused industrial
production to grow.
 Urban department stores put many consumer goods up for
sale.
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Some European countries did not benefit from the Second
Industrial Revolution.
 Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and other
countries had a high standard of living.
 Spain, Portugal, Russia, Austria-Hungary, the Balkans, and
southern Italy were agricultural and much less wealthy.
They provided the industrialized nations with food and raw
materials.
 Europeans were receiving goods from all corners of the
world.
 Europe dominated the world economy by 1900.
THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
 Britain became the world’s greatest industrial
nation.
 It produced one-half of the world’s cotton goods
and coal.
 The Industrial Revolution spread to other parts of
the world at different speeds.
 Belgium, France, and Germany were the first to
industrialize, principally because their
governments built infrastructure such as canals
and railroads.
SOCIAL IMPACT IN EUROPE

 The Industrial Revolution spurred the growth of

cities and created two new social classes: the
industrial middle class and the industrial working
class.
 Europe’s population nearly doubled between 1750
and 1850 .
 The chief reason was a decline in death from
disease. The increased food supply fed the people
better, and famine largely disappeared from
western Europe.
REFERENCE
 Ching, Francis D K, Jarzombek, Mark M and Prakash, Vikramaditya. 2011. A Global History of Architecture.
s.l. : John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN: 0470902485, 9780470902486.

 London, Chrostopher W, [ed.]. 1994. Architecture in Victorian and Edwardian India. Mumbai : Marg, 1994.
ISBN: 81-85026-26-2.

 Marshall, P. J. 2001. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. s.l. : Cambridge University Press,
2001. ISBN: 0521002540, 9780521002547.
 1: History of India – Volume II, penguin books, Percival Spear
2: India and south Asia – a short history , Oneworld , David Ludden
3: A Concise History of Inida – Cambridge university press, Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf.
4: Colonial India - Wikipedia
5: British Empire in India - British rule
6: An Imperial Vision – Indian architecture and Britain's raj , Faber and Faber London, Thomas R. Metcalf
 A. King: Colonial Urban Development (London, 1976)
 S. Nilsson: European Architecture in India, 1750–1850 (London, 1968)
 T. J. Till Walsh: A History of Murshidabad District (London, 1902)