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Harshita Taneja

This document defines bounded sequences and proves the Monotonic Convergence Theorem (MCT). It states that a sequence is bounded if its terms are bounded above or below by a real number K. The MCT states that every monotonic (increasing or decreasing) and bounded sequence converges. It proves this through two cases - when the sequence is monotonically increasing and bounded above, and when it is monotonically decreasing and bounded below, showing the sequence converges to its supremum or infimum respectively.

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97 views5 pages

Harshita Taneja

This document defines bounded sequences and proves the Monotonic Convergence Theorem (MCT). It states that a sequence is bounded if its terms are bounded above or below by a real number K. The MCT states that every monotonic (increasing or decreasing) and bounded sequence converges. It proves this through two cases - when the sequence is monotonically increasing and bounded above, and when it is monotonically decreasing and bounded below, showing the sequence converges to its supremum or infimum respectively.

Uploaded by

hh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BOUNDED SEQUENCE

A sequence <an> is said to be bounded iff


there exist
k,K Е R such that –k ≤ an≤ K for every n E N
OR

A sequence <an> is said to be bounded iff there


exist K E R+ such that │an │≤ K for every n E N
-K ≤ an ≤ K
MONOTONIC CONVERGENCE THEOREM (MCT)
 EVERY MONOTONIC AND BOUNDED SEQUENCE
CONVERGES.
 Every monotonically increasing and bounded
above sequence converges.
EXAMPLE : <1/2 , 2/3 , 3/4,-- -- -- -- --- -- -- > → 1
<0.9 , 0.99 , 0.99, --- ---- ---- ---> → 1
Monotonically ↑ and bounded above = converge
 Every monotonically decreasing and bounded
below sequence converges.
EXAMPLE : <1/2 , 1/3 , 1/4 , -- -- --- --- --- --- -- > → 0
Monotonically ↓ and bounded below = converge
• <2,2,2,2,-- --- --- -- --- --- --- >→ 2 = converges
PROOF OF MONOTONIC CONVERGENCE THEOREM
M.C.T : Every monotonic and bounded sequence
converges.
PROOF : CASE 1 :Without loss of generality , Let <a n> be
monotonically increasing and < an > is bounded.
Therefore, S = {an E R , n E N }
Set S is non empty and bounded so by order
completeness theorem its supremum exist.
Let <Sup. an > = L
L is an upper bound of < an >
< an > ≤ L for every n E N
Eqn 1 → < an > < L+ε for every n E N
Also, L is least upper bound of < a n >
Hence, L-ε is not an upper bound of < a n >
There exist no E N such that
Eqn 2 → ano > L-ε
CONTINUED.

We are given < an > is monotonically increasing,


.

Therefore, < ano > ≤ < an > for every no ≤ n ← Eqn 3


From eqn 2 & 3
an ≥ ano > L-ε
Therefore, an > L-ε ← Eqn 4
From eqn 1 & 4
L-ε < an < L+ ε for every n ≥ no
│ an -L│ < ε for every n ≥ no
< an > → L
CASE 2 : Without loss of generality , Let < an > be
monotonically decreasing & < an > is bounded.
S = {an E R for every n E N }
Set S is non empty and bounded. So, by order
completeness theorem.
Let, Inf.< an > = M
M is a lower bound of < an >
CONTINUED..

an ≥ M for every n E N
Eqn 1 → M-ε < an for every n ≥ no
Also, M is greatest lower bound of < an >
M+ε is not a lower bound of < an >
There exist no E N such that
Eqn 2 → an < M+ε
We are also given that < an > is monotonically decreasing.
Therefore, ano ≥ an <M+ε ← Eqn 3
From eqn 2 & 3
an ≤ ano < M+ε for every n ≥ no
Therefore, an < M+ε for every n ≥ no ← Eqn 4
From eqn 1 & 4
M-ε < an < M+ε for every n ≥ no
Therefore, │ an -M│<ε for every n ≥ no
< an > → M HENCE
PROVED

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